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Pentraxin 3 in Cardiovascular Disease
Giuseppe Ristagno1*, Francesca Fumagalli1, Barbara Bottazzi2, Alberto Mantovani2,3,4, Davide Olivari1, Deborah Novelli1 and Roberto Latini1 1Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy 2Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milan, Italy 3Humanitas University, Milan, Italy 4The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom The long pentraxin PTX3 is a member of the pentraxin family produced locally by stromal and myeloid cells in response to proinflammatory signals and microbial moieties. The p...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 16, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Primary Sj ögren's Syndrome: Does Inflammation Matter?
Conclusions The markers of endothelial activation and damage and of chronic inflammation investigated until now failed to result predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis or to be associated with increased risk of CV events in SS patients. This may suggest that other mechanisms are implicated with increased prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in SS or that these biomarkers exert a different mechanism in the pathogenesis of endothelial damage and in the induction of atherosclerosis. Surely, the relationship between the disease itself and inflammatory and immune dysfunction factors is quite complex and still to be cla...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 16, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

New Biomarkers for Atherothrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Genomics and Epigenetics Approaches
Conclusions In recent years, there have been many advances in the understanding of the molecular basis for vascular involvement in APS, but many areas need to be further investigated, in particular the association between altered genetic/epigenetic profiles, autoantibodies and clinical manifestations, and the effectiveness of new therapeutic strategies. It would be interesting to apply next generation sequencing technologies like RNA-Seq along with GWAS to screen both, the gene profile and the whole transcriptome of large cohorts of primary APS patients, in order to reveal the mutations/polymorphisms, post-transcriptiona...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 15, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Blood Cell-Bound C4d as a Marker of Complement Activation in Patients With the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
In conclusion the detection of complement activation products on circulating erythrocytes and platelets using a highly sensitive and specific assay further supports the view that APS is a complement-mediated disorder. Increased EC4d and PC4d percentages are associated with the active inflammatory disease in SLE. It is difficult to translate this finding to APS which is a non-acute inflammatory disorder. We failed to find an association with both the classification and non-classification criteria, including thrombocytopenia. However, we believe that this sensitive tool to evaluate complement activation may offer more inform...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 11, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant nutraceuticals and herbal products: An overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
CONCLUSION: It is concluded that nutraceuticals possess enormous health benefits and their interventions can be highly beneficial in the prevention/reduction of CVDs and related disorders such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and stroke. The findings of this review provide an update on the emerging uses of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and herbal remedies in humans. Nevertheless, large-scale randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials are needed to confirm the health benefit claims about nutraceuticals and herbal products to establish their long-term safety and to resolve the controversy ...
Source: Recent Patents on Inflammation and Allergy Drug Discovery - August 17, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov Source Type: research

Neuroinflammatory responses in experimental and human stroke lesions
Neuroinflammation has been suggested as an attractive treatment target in stroke, since it offers a broader therapeutic window in comparison to currently established thrombolytic approaches. Inflammatory cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system have been identified in experimental as well as human stroke lesions. In animal models, various therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation have shown beneficial effects, however, translation to human disease has so far been disappointing.
Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology - July 6, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Isabella Wimmer, Tobias Zrzavy, Hans Lassmann Tags: Review Source Type: research

Thrombosis, Neuroinflammation, and Poststroke Infection: The Multifaceted Role of Neutrophils in Stroke.
Authors: Ruhnau J, Schulze J, Dressel A, Vogelgesang A Abstract Immune cells can significantly predict and affect the clinical outcome of stroke. In particular, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was shown to predict hemorrhagic transformation and the clinical outcome of stroke; however, the immunological mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. Neutrophils are the first cells to invade injured tissue following focal brain ischemia. In these conditions, their proinflammatory properties enhance tissue damage and may promote ischemic incidences by inducing thrombus formation. Therefore, they constit...
Source: Journal of Immunology Research - March 24, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: J Immunol Res Source Type: research

Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy: The expanding clinical spectrum and pathogenesis
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous, human alphaherpesvirus that produces varicella on primary infection then becomes latent in ganglionic neurons along the entire neuraxis. In elderly and immunocompromised individuals, VZV reactivates and travels along nerve fibers peripherally resulting in zoster. However, VZV can also spread centrally and infect cerebral and extracranial arteries (VZV vasculopathy) to produce transient ischemic attacks, stroke, aneurysm, sinus thrombosis and giant cell arteritis, as well as granulomatous aortitis.
Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology - March 17, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Maria A. Nagel, Dallas Jones, Ann Wyborny Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Antiphospholipid antibodies disappearance in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: Thrombosis recurrence
Conclusions This study suggest, that in primary APS, persistent negative aPL profile is not an indication to interrupt oral anticoagulant therapy. However, there is a subset of patients that remained asymptomatic. Other studies are necessary in order to elucidate this controversy.
Source: Autoimmunity Reviews - February 12, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The association between IgG and IgM antibodies against cardiolipin, β2-glycoprotein I and Domain I of β2-glycoprotein I with disease profile in patients with multiple sclerosis
This study enrolled the largest number of patients with definite MS for studying the association with aPL. Although we confirmed IgM and IgG anti-CL antibodies occur in patients with MS, this is the first study that identified anti-DI antibodies in MS patients. This new finding may prove valuable and future studies are required to evaluate its role as a potential risk factor of thromboembolic phenomena in MS.
Source: Molecular Immunology - June 9, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Effect of famotidine on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor.
CONCLUSION: Famotidine does not affect the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, consistent with the physicochemical properties of apixaban (lack of an ionizable group and pH-independent solubility). Apixaban pharmacokinetics would not be affected by an increase in gastrointestinal pH due to underlying conditions (eg, achlorhydria), or by gastrointestinal pH-mediated effects of other histamine H2-receptor antagonists, antacids, or proton pump inhibitors. Given that famotidine is also an inhibitor of the human organic cation transporter (hOCT), these results indicate that apixaban pharmacokinetics are not influenced by hOCT uptake ...
Source: Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications - November 29, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Clin Pharmacol Source Type: research

Treatment of Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The Rationale of Current Management-An Insight into Future Approaches.
Authors: Chighizola CB, Ubiali T, Meroni PL Abstract Vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity represent the clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is serologically characterized by the persistent positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents currently provide the mainstay of APS treatment. However, the debate is still open: controversies involve the intensity and the duration of anticoagulation and the treatment of stroke and refractory cases. Unfortunately, the literature cannot provide definite answers to these controversial issues as it is fl...
Source: Journal of Immunology Research - June 17, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: J Immunol Res Source Type: research

Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic analyses of 21 patients with neonatal thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies: a literature review.
CONCLUSION: Neonatal thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies are rare. The development of thrombotic manifestations in neonates seems not to be associated exclusively with the aPL, but their etiology may be linked to pre- and perinatal events. We noted good therapeutic responses, especially in stroke patients, who presented with favorable outcomes in 82% of the cases. PMID: 25133197 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Journal of Immunology Research - November 19, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: J Immunol Res Source Type: research

Interferon-beta confers protective effects against ischemic stroke through its anti-inflammatory properties
Stroke is a leading cause of death in the world. In over 80% of strokes the initial acute phase of ischemic injury is due to the occlusion of a blood vessel resulting in severer focal hypoperfusion, excitotoxicity and oxidative damage. The inflammatory response which characterizes the sub-acute phase of ischemia is initiated by resident microglia (MG) and peripheral immune cells infiltrating into the region surrounding the infarct core and leading to secondary neurodegeneration. Current clinical therapies using thrombolytic and anti-platelet agents are limited by temporal restrictions and do not prevent the secondary, infl...
Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology - October 15, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Ping-chang Kuo, Barbara Scofield, Tags: 301 Source Type: research

Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Abstract The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by the occurrence of venous and arterial thromboses, often multiple, and recurrent fetal losses, frequently accompanied by a moderate thrombocytopenia, in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Some estimates indicate that the incidence of the APS is around 5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year and the prevalence around 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. The aPL are positive in approximately 13% of patients with stroke, 11% with myocardial infarction, 9.5% of patients with deep vein thrombosis and 6% of patients with pregnancy morbidity. The orig...
Source: Journal of Autoimmunity - January 22, 2014 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gómez-Puerta JA, Cervera R Tags: J Autoimmun Source Type: research

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