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Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0318 Ameliorates Impaired Intestinal Immunity and Metabolic Disorders in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice
Conclusion In conclusion, the present study showed that the oral administration of L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 normalized the parameters altered by CTX-induced toxicities, strengthening intestinal health by regulating the Th1/Th2 balance, ameliorating the intestinal morphology and improving profiles of intestinal microbiota and metabolism. Therefore, our findings suggested that the administration of L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 could be of significant advantage in reducing intestinal immunity impairment caused by cyclophosphamide. Ethics Statement This study was carried out according to the Animal Care Review Committee, Northeas...
Source: Frontiers in Microbiology - April 11, 2019 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

The Antidepressant Mirtazapine Inhibits Hepatic Innate Immune Networks to Attenuate Immune-Mediated Liver Injury in Mice
Conclusion: Our data suggest that mirtazapine can attenuate hepatic innate immune responses that critically regulate the subsequent development of autoimmune liver injury. Therefore, given that it is a safe and widely used medication, mirtazapine may represent a novel therapeutic approach to autoimmune liver disease. Introduction Classically, autoimmune disease was considered a disorder of adaptive immunity (1). However, early innate immune responses are clearly important for driving subsequent adaptive immune responses in autoimmunity. In numerous autoimmune disease models, activation of resident tissue macrophages,...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 11, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Experimental Analysis of Viral –Host Interactions
Experimental Analysis of Viral–Host Interactions Joseph Gillen and Aleksandra Nita-Lazar* Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States Viral and pathogen protein complexity is often limited by their relatively small genomes, thus critical functions are often accomplished by complexes of host and pathogen proteins. This requirement makes the study of host–pathogen interactions critical for the understanding of pathogenicity and virology. This review article discusses proteomic methods that offer a...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 10, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Contribution of Non-immune Cells to Activation and Modulation of the Intestinal Inflammation
Conclusions As the intestinal mucosa surface constitutes the major surface of the body which is in direct contact with the outer environment, intestinal immune homeostasis must be accurately regulated. The interplay between commensal microbiota, intestinal stromal cells, and the mucosal immune system components should guarantee the intestinal homeostasis to avoid a sustained inflammation that could induce tissue damage. However, several factors can lead to inflammation through homeostasis breakdown. Figure 1 summarizes the main points that have been reviewed here. We have described what it is known so far about the role o...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 9, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Complement C5b-9 and Cancer: Mechanisms of Cell Damage, Cancer Counteractions, and Approaches for Intervention
In conclusion, osmotic burst of inflated complement-damaged cells may occur, but these bursts are most likely a consequence of metabolic collapse of the cell rather than the cause of cell death. The Complement Cell Death Mediator: A Concerted Action of Toxic Moieties Membrane pores caused by complement were first visualized by electron microscopy on red blood cell membranes as large ring structures (22). Similar lesions were viewed on E. coli cell walls (23). Over the years, ample information on the fine ultrastructure of the MAC that can activate cell death has been gathered (24) and has been recently further examined (...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 9, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

What Are the Types of Tracheoesophageal Fistulas?
Discussion Respiratory problems in infants can caused by many things including any type of obstruction from the nose to lung. Neonates and infants are particularly susceptible to changes in the size of the airway because of the physics of airflow resistance. Important reminders about infant airways: Resistance = 1/radius4 (Poiseuille’s equation) therefore even a 1 mm decrease in the airway circumferences increases the airflow resistance x16. Increased airflow causes less pressure along the walls, which can lead to collapse of the walls (Bernoulli’s and Venturi effects). Neonates have smaller lungs relative to ...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - March 4, 2019 Category: Pediatrics Authors: pediatriceducationmin Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

Is it Bad to Sleep with Wet Hair?
If you shower before bed, you’ve probably wondered whether sleeping with damp hair is a problem. Maybe you’ve heard it could make you sick, or that it can damage your hair or skin. What’s the truth? Let’s address the “it can make you sick” myth first. “This idea seems to fit into the old bit of folklore that getting yourself chilled and wet will cause you to come down with a cold,” says Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. While this idea persists, Schaffner says it was long ago disprove...
Source: TIME: Health - February 20, 2019 Category: Consumer Health News Authors: Markham Heid Tags: Uncategorized Research Source Type: news

Epithelial barrier repair and prevention of allergy
Allergic diseases have in common a dysfunctional epithelial barrier, which allows the penetration of allergens and microbes, leading to the release of type 2 cytokines that drive allergic inflammation. The accessibility of skin, compared with lung or gastrointestinal tissue, has facilitated detailed investigations into mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis (AD). This Review describes the formation of the skin barrier and analyzes the link between altered skin barrier formation and the pathogenesis of AD. The keratinocyte differentiation process is under tight regulation. During epidermal...
Source: Journal of Clinical Investigation - February 19, 2019 Category: Biomedical Science Authors: Elena Goleva, Evgeny Berdyshev, Donald Y.M. Leung Source Type: research

Evaluation of cranial base repair techniques utilizing a novel cadaveric CPAP model
ConclusionDifferent skull base repair techniques have varying ability to withstand CPAP. Both second and third repair techniques performed in a nearly similar fashion with regard to their ability to withstand positive pressure ventilation.
Source: International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology - February 12, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Chandala Chitguppi, Ryan A. Rimmer, Hermes G. Garcia, Ian J. Koszewski, Judd H. Fastenberg, Gurston G. Nyquist, Marc R. Rosen, Colin Huntley, Mindy R. Rabinowitz, James J. Evans Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

A Review of the Contribution of Mast Cells in Wound Healing: Involved Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
AbstractMast cells (MCs), apart from their classic role in allergy, contribute to a number of biologic processes including wound healing. In particular, two aspects of their histologic distribution within the skin have attracted the attention of researchers to study their wound healing role; they represent up to 8% of the total number of cells within the dermis and their cutaneous versions are localized adjacent to the epidermis and the subdermal vasculature and nerves. At the onset of a cutaneous injury, the accumulation of MCs and release of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators have been well documented. The ro...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology - February 7, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Stimulating Oxidative DNA-Base Excision Repair in Mice Subjected to Klebsiella pneumoniae –induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Improves Genomic Integrity of Topoisomerase and Facilitates Innate Lung Inflammation
Cell activation stimulates Topoisomerase-dependent formation of DNA double strand breaks in the promoters of early-response genes. These breaks are sufficient to induce the expression of these of early-response genes. Here we hypothesized that improving the genomic integrity of Topoisomerase 2a (Top2a) in the lungs of mice that are being subjected to K. pneumoniae-induced ARDS augments innate immune response.
Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 1, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Cleavon J. Covington, Koa Hosoki, Jian Sha, Anirban Chakraborty, Nisha Tapryal, Julia Tripple, Victor Cardenas, Sarah Ainsworth, Tapas Hazra, Ashok Chopra, Sanjiv Sur Source Type: research

Eosinophils Display Subtype-specific Metabolic Profiles
Under homeostatic conditions and in disease progression eosinophils have a variety of effector functions regulating Local Immunity And/or Remodeling/Repair (LIAR hypothesis). These activities are manifestations of different eosinophil subtypes, which, in turn, depend on the cytokine milieu of the tissue microenvironment. Eosinophil subtypes are characterized by expression of specific genes and we hypothesize that their functions are supported by a distinct metabolic phenotype. The goal of this study was to examine relationships between Th1 or Th2 cytokine-dependent gene expression and parameters of energy metabolism in mouse eosinophils.
Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 1, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Sergei I. Ochkur, Christopher D. Nazaroff, Clifford D. Folmes, William E. LeSuer, James J. Lee, Benjamin L. Wright, Matthew A. Rank, Elizabeth A. Jacobsen Source Type: research

Detection of microparticles in nasal lavage fluid that express both integrin β6 and a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (either alpha-smooth muscle actin or Snail) is useful for the identification of severe chronic rhinosinusitis
Microparticles (MPs) are one type of extracellular vesicle shed from cell membranes. Integrin β6 (ITGB6) is an epithelial marker that is up-regulated during epithelial repair. Snail is a transcription factor that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during epithelial repair. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is a mesenchymal marker which is also up-regulated during EMT. We hypoth esized that abnormal EMT status is associated with polyp recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and endeavored to establish MP assays that can detect EMT in nasal lavage fluids (NLFs).
Source: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 1, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Toru Takahashi, Atsushi Kato, Sergejs Berdnikovs, Lydia A. Suh, James E. Norton, Roderick G. Carter, Kathleen E. Harris, Whitney W. Stevens, Anju T. Peters, Leslie C. Grammer, Kevin C. Welch, Stephanie Shintani-Smith, David B. Conley, Robert C. Kern, Robe Source Type: research

The therapeutic application of mesenchymal stem cells at the ocular surface.
Abstract The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been heralded by their multipotentiality and immunomodulatory capacity. MSCs migrate toward sites of tissue damage, where specific pro-inflammatory factors 'license' their immunosuppressive functions. Recent studies in animal models of ocular surface disease have demonstrated the potential of MSC-derived therapies to limit inflammation and promote tissue repair. Herein, we review the immunoregulatory mechanisms of MSCs, as well as strategies to harness their regenerative function at the cornea. We examine reports of the therapeutic application...
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 26, 2019 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Sahu A, Foulsham W, Amouzegar A, Mittal SK, Chauhan SK Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: research