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Complement C5b-9 and Cancer: Mechanisms of Cell Damage, Cancer Counteractions, and Approaches for Intervention
In conclusion, osmotic burst of inflated complement-damaged cells may occur, but these bursts are most likely a consequence of metabolic collapse of the cell rather than the cause of cell death. The Complement Cell Death Mediator: A Concerted Action of Toxic Moieties Membrane pores caused by complement were first visualized by electron microscopy on red blood cell membranes as large ring structures (22). Similar lesions were viewed on E. coli cell walls (23). Over the years, ample information on the fine ultrastructure of the MAC that can activate cell death has been gathered (24) and has been recently further examined (...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 9, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Beyond CAR T Cells: Other Cell-Based Immunotherapeutic Strategies Against Cancer
Conclusions: CAR T cell therapies have demonstrated the clinical benefits of harnessing our body's own defenses to combat tumor cells. Similar research is being conducted on lesser known modifications and gene-modified immune cells, which we highlight in this review. Introduction Chimeric antigen receptors and engineered T cell receptors (based on previously identified high affinity T cell receptors) function by redirecting T cells to a predefined tumor-specific (or tumor-associated) target. Most of these modifications use retroviral or lentiviral vectors to integrate the construct, and most of the receptors ...
Source: Frontiers in Oncology - April 9, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research

Sanguinarine Induces Apoptosis Pathway in Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines via Inhibition of the JaK2/STAT3 Signaling
In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of SNG in a panel of MM cell lines (U266, IM9, MM1S, and RPMI-8226). SNG treatment of MM cells resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability through mitochondrial membrane potential loss and activation of caspase 3, 9, and cleavage of PARP. Pre-treatment of MM cells with a universal caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, prevented SNG mediated loss of cell viability, apoptosis, and caspase activation, confirming that SNG-mediated apoptosis is caspase-dependent. The SNG-mediated apoptosis appears to be resulted from suppres...
Source: Frontiers in Oncology - April 16, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome in Lung Cancer
In conclusion, compared to previous analyses of the relationship between LC and the lung microbiome, this is the first study of LC in connection with the gut microbiome (Hosgood et al., 2014; Kosikowska et al., 2016). Our findings support the hypothesis of LC-specific microbiota. We suggest that the reduced levels of Actinobacteria sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. and elevated levels of Enterococcus sp. are associated with LC. At the same time, we have further revealed that the damage of the normal function of the gut microbiome is associated with the progression of LC. the progress of LC. We hope that the results herein can pr...
Source: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology - April 17, 2019 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Focused Ultrasound Improves NK-92MI Cells Infiltration Into Tumors
Conclusion In conclusion, we demonstrated that the combination of FUS and microbubbles could increase the NK-92MI cells’ infiltration into tumors in this study. The combination of FUS and NK-92MI had a much better therapeutic effect when compared with the PBS group, but no superior therapeutic effect when compared with the NK-92MI group. In total, FUS and microbubbles can improve NK cells’ infiltration into tumors, but future work is still needed to improve NK-92MI cells’ delivery efficiency for solid tumor treatment. Ethics Statement This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 17, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Innate Lymphoid Cells: Expression of PD-1 and Other Checkpoints in Normal and Pathological Conditions
Conclusions and Future Perspectives It is now evident that NK/ILC family plays a pivotal role in the immune defenses. Recent studies in murine and human settings demonstrated that the expression of several inhibitory checkpoints, that may be detrimental in the tumor context, is not restricted to T lymphocytes, revealing an important, yet poorly appreciated, contribution of their expression on innate immune cells. Thus, in the recent years different immunotherapy approaches, based on the blockade of inhibitory NK cell receptors, have been developed in order to unleash NK cell cytotoxicity. This is particularly important in...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 25, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Leukocyte Heparanase: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumor Progression
Conclusions This review describes how leukocyte-heparanase can be a double-edged sword in tumor progression; it can enhance tumor immune surveillance and tumor cell clearance, but also promote tumor survival and growth. We also discuss the potential of using heparanase in leukocyte therapies against tumors, and the effects of heparanase inhibitors on tumor progression and immunity. We are just beginning to understand the influence of heparanase on a pro/anti-tumor immune response, and there are still many questions to answer. How do the pro/anti-tumorigenic effects of heparanase differ across different cancer types? Does...
Source: Frontiers in Oncology - April 29, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Ductile Targets in Disease
Discussion MDSCs violently emerge in pathological conditions in an attempt to limit potentially harmful immune and inflammatory responses. Mechanisms supporting their expansion and survival are deeply investigated in cancer, in the perspective to reactivate specific antitumor responses and prevent their contribution to disease evolution. These findings will likely contribute to improve the targeting of MDSCs in anticancer immunotherapies, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. New evidence indicates that the expansion of myeloid cell differentiation in pathology is subject to fine-tuning, as its...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - May 2, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Atezolizumab Added to Chemo Ups Survival in Lung Cancer Atezolizumab Added to Chemo Ups Survival in Lung Cancer
As first-line treatment for metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the anti-PD-L1 agent atezolizumab (Tecentriq, Genentech) in combination with chemotherapy boosts survival compared with chemotherapy alone, according to a company-funded study.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - June 4, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news

Broadening Eligibility for Lung Cancer Trials Could Have Huge Impact Broadening Eligibility for Lung Cancer Trials Could Have Huge Impact
Adopting expanded inclusion criteria for clinical trials would nearly double the percentage of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are eligible to enroll, according to new research.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - June 7, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news

High Prevalence of PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer High Prevalence of PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer
The expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is common in locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), according to a retrospective study across 18 countries.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - July 9, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news

AstraZeneca ' s Tagrisso Helps Lung Cancer Patients Live Longer- Study AstraZeneca ' s Tagrisso Helps Lung Cancer Patients Live Longer- Study
AstraZeneca Plc said on Friday a late-stage study showed its top-selling drug, Tagrisso (osimertinib), had significantly helped patients with a type of lung cancer live longer without the disease worsening.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - August 12, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news

Nanocapsule reaches cancer that has spread to central nervous system in mice
FINDINGSCancer that has spread to the central nervous system is notoriously difficult to treat. Now, UCLA researchers have developed a drug delivery system that breaks through the blood-brain barrier in order to reach and treat cancer that has spread to the central nervous system.In research conducted in mice, a single dose of cancer drugs in a nanoscale capsule developed by the scientists eliminated all B-cell lymphoma that had metastasized to the animals ’ central nervous system.BACKGROUNDAbout 15% to 40% of all cancers spread to the nervous system, but there are few treatment options and they only work in a small numb...
Source: UCLA Newsroom: Health Sciences - August 14, 2019 Category: Universities & Medical Training Source Type: news

AstraZeneca Imfinzi Combination Fails Advanced Lung Cancer Study AstraZeneca Imfinzi Combination Fails Advanced Lung Cancer Study
A combination of AstraZeneca ' s lung cancer drug Imfinzi and an experimental treatment failed to extend the lives of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and high levels of gene mutations, the drugmaker said on Wednesday.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - August 22, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news

AstraZeneca ' s Imfinzi Prolongs Survival in Aggressive Lung Cancer AstraZeneca ' s Imfinzi Prolongs Survival in Aggressive Lung Cancer
AstraZeneca ' s cancer treatment Imfinzi (durvalumab) has been shown to prolong survival in a particularly aggressive type of lung cancer by close to three months, as the British drugmaker holds its ground in a crowded field against rival immunotherapy drugs.Reuters Health Information
Source: Medscape Allergy Headlines - September 11, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Hematology-Oncology News Source Type: news