ADHD as a Potential Risk Factor in Poor Antiretroviral Adherence Rates in HIV: A Brief Narrative Review and Suggestions for Future Research
AbstractThis was a narrative review of the literature pertaining to antiretroviral adherence rates in patients with HIV, with a focus on ADHD as a potential risk for poor adherence. A connection is drawn between the cognitive symptoms of ADHD and risk factors for poor treatment adherence in HIV. Parallel associations between ADHD and poor treatment adherence in patients with diabetes are also discussed. Finally, some of the challenges in measuring medication adherence in patients with HIV are summarized. Future research may assess whether patients with comorbid ADHD and HIV have lower rates of adherence than those with HIV...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - February 12, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Decision-Making Competence in Patients with Alzheimer ’s Disease: A Review of the Literature
AbstractDecision-making competence (DMC) appears to be influenced by the congruency between the characteristics of the individual, the task and the context. Indeed, the ability to make decisions seems to be highly sensitive to cognitive changes as observed, in particular, in the healthy elderly. Few studies have investigated these relations in pathological ageing. In this review, we focus on DMC in patients with Alzheimer ’s disease (AD) and the links its impairment could have with deficits in episodic memory, working memory, and executive functions. Decision-making under risk and under ambiguity appears to be impaired e...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - February 12, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A Comprehensive Meta-analysis on Short-term and Working Memory Dysfunction in Parkinson ’s Disease
AbstractA previous meta-analysis demonstrated short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) dysfunction in patients with Parkinson ’s disease (PD). However, considerable research on the topic that calls into question the extent of such impairments in PD has since been published. The aim of the present quantitative review was to provide the largest statistical overview on STM and WM dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD), w hile simultaneously providing novel insights on moderating factors of effect size heterogeneity in PD. The systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Scopus and Web of Science...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - February 1, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Cerebellar-Subcortical-Cortical Systems as Modulators of Cognitive Functions
AbstractOver the past few decades, research has established that the cerebellum is involved in executive functions; however, its specific role remains unclear. There are numerous theories of cerebellar function and numerous cognitive processes falling under the umbrella of executive function, making investigations of the cerebellum ’s role in executive functioning challenging. In this review, we explored the role of the cerebellum in executive functioning through clinical and cognitive neuroscience frameworks. We reviewed the neuroanatomical systems and theoretical models of cerebellar functions and the multifaceted natu...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 29, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Contributions to Language Function: Insights from A Parallel Distributed Processing Perspective
AbstractCerebral representations are encoded as patterns of activity involving billions of neurons. Parallel distributed processing (PDP) across these neuronal populations provides the basis for a number of emergent properties: 1) processing occurs and knowledge (long term memories) is stored (as synaptic connection strengths) in exactly the same networks; 2) networks have the capacity for setting into stable attractor states corresponding to concepts, symbols, implicit rules, or data transformations; 3) networks provide the scaffold for the acquisition of knowledge but knowledge is acquired through experience; 4) PDP netw...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 29, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Advanced Clinical Solutions Word Choice Test as a Performance Validity Test
This study sought to synthesize the existing diagnostic accuracy literature regarding the WCT via a systematic review and to conduct a meta-analysis to determine the performance validity cut-score that best maximizes sensitivity while maintaining acceptable specificity. A systematic search of the literature resulted in 14 studies for synthesis, with eight of those availabl e for meta-analysis. Meta-analytic results revealed an optimal cut-score of ≤ 42 with 54% sensitivity and 93% specificity for identifying invalid neuropsychological test performance. Collectively, the WCT demonstrated adequate diagnostic accuracy a...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 15, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Victoria Symptom Validity Test: A Systematic Review and Cross-Validation Study
AbstractThe Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) is a performance validity test (PVT) with over two decades of empirical backing, although methodological limitations within the extant literature restrict its clinical and research generalizability. Chief among these constraints includes limited consensus on the most accurate index within the VSVT and the most appropriate cut-scores within each VSVT validity index. The current systematic review synthesizes existing VSVT validation studies and provides additional cross-validation in an independent sample using a known-groups design. We completed a systematic search of the li...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 12, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Neuropsychological Assessment and Screening in Heart Failure: a Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
AbstractA variety of neuropsychological changes secondary to heart failure have been documented in the literature. However, what remains unclear are which neuropsychological abilities are the most impacted by heart failure and what tests have the sensitivity to measure that impact. Eight databases were searched for articles that examined the neuropsychological functioning of patients with heart failure. Some of the inclusion criteria were articles had to have a heart failure group with a demographically comparable control group and standardized neuropsychological testing. Exclusion criteria included articles with a heart f...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 11, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Cognitive Reserve, Alzheimer ’s Neuropathology, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
AbstractCognitive reserve (CR) may reduce the risk of dementia. We summarized the effect of CR on progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in studies accounting for Alzheimer ’s disease (AD)-related structural pathology and biomarkers. Literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Relevant articles were longitudinal, in English, and investigating MCI or dementia incidence. Meta-analysis was conducted on nine articles, four measuring C R as cognitive residual of neuropathology and five as composite psychosocial proxies (e.g., education). High CR was related to a 47% red...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 8, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The Effect of Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury on Verbal Fluency Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
AbstractVerbal fluency is a neuropsychological measure commonly used to examine cognitive-linguistic performance as reported in pediatric TBI literature. We synthesized the scholarly literature of verbal fluency performance in pediatric TBI and estimated the effects of TBI according to: (i) type of verbal fluency task (phonemic or semantic), (ii) severity of TBI, and (iii) time post-injury. Meta-analysis revealed that childhood TBI negatively impacted phonemic fluency and semantic fluency and that effect sizes were larger for children with more severe TBI. The negative effect of TBI was evident across time post injury with...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - January 4, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Correction to: Cultural Values Underlying Psychometric Cognitive Testing
The html version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the author group. The author ’s name should be “Alfredo Ardila”, instead of “Alfredo Ardila1”. (Source: Neuropsychology Review)
Source: Neuropsychology Review - December 15, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Post-Stroke Working Memory Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
AbstractThis review investigates the severity and nature of post-stroke working memory deficits with reference to the multi-component model of working memory. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed up to March 2019 with search terms for stroke and memory. Studies on adult stroke patients, that included a control group, and assessed working memory function, were selected. Effect sizes (Hedges ’g) were extracted from 50 studies (in total 3,084 stroke patients) based on the sample size, mean and standard deviation of patients and controls. Performance of stroke patients was compared to healthy controls on low-load (i.e....
Source: Neuropsychology Review - November 24, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Memory Impairments and Psychosis Prediction: A Scoping Review and Theoretical Overview
The objective of this review is to examine the literature concerning premorbid memory impairments during the prodromal phase of psychosis to address three primary questions 1) are memory impairments present among individuals with a clinical high risk syndrome? 2) are memory deficits in clinical high risk cases predictive of future conversion to psychosis? and 3) what are the underlying neural correlates of memory impairment in clinical high risk individuals and are they also predictive of future conversion?PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched. The primary inclusion criteria were to select studie...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - November 23, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A Systematic Review of the Positive Valence System in Autism Spectrum Disorder
The objectives were to determine which component operations of reward processing may be atypical in ASD and consequently postulate a heuristic model of reward processing in ASD that could be evaluated with future research. 34 studies were identified from the Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases and included in the review using guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (also known as PRISMA guidelines). The extant literatu re suggested potential relationships between social symptoms of ASD and PVS sub-constructs of reward anticipation, probabilistic and reinforc...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - November 11, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Eye Tracking Studies Exploring Cognitive and Affective Processes among Alcohol Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Perspectives
AbstractAcute alcohol intoxication and alcohol use disorders are characterized by a wide range of psychological and cerebral impairments, which have been widely explored using neuropsychological and neuroscientific techniques. Eye tracking has recently emerged as an innovative tool to renew this exploration, as eye movements offer complementary information on the processes underlying perceptive, attentional, memory or executive abilities. Building on this, the present systematic and critical literature review provides a comprehensive overview of eye tracking studies exploring cognitive and affective processes among alcohol...
Source: Neuropsychology Review - October 25, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
