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Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - August 11, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Contributors
ADRIANA G. IOACHIMESCU, MD, PhD, FACE (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - August 11, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Contents
Adriana G. Ioachimescu (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - August 11, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Endocrine Diseases (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - August 11, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Advances in Lipids
The “Updates on Diagnosis and Management of Dyslipidemia” issue of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America reflects the significant progress in management of this multifaceted entity frequently encountered in the general population. The collection of articles offers a thorough revi ew of the essential and novel aspects of lipid disorders, which will enhance the knowledge of medical students and trainees and will empower the health care practitioners who screen for and treat lipid disorders. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 12, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Adriana G. Ioachimescu Tags: Foreword Source Type: research

New and Emerging Therapies for Dyslipidemia
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) continues to represent a growing global health challenge. Despite guideline-recommended treatment of ASCVD risk, including antihypertensive, high-intensity statin therapy, and antiaggregant agents, high-risk patients, especially those with established ASCVD and patients with type 2 diabetes, continue to experience cardiovascular events. Recent years have brought significant developments in lipid and atherosclerosis research. Several lipid drugs owe their existence, in part, to human genetic evidence. Here, the authors briefly review the mechanisms, the effect on lipid paramete...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Alberto Zambon, Maurizio Averna, Laura D ’Erasmo, Marcello Arca, Alberico Catapano Source Type: research

Safety of Statins and Nonstatins for Treatment of Dyslipidemia
This article reviews the safety of statins and non-statin medications for management of dyslipidemia. Statins have uncommon serious adverse effects: myopathy/ rhabdomyolysis, which resolve with statin discontinuation, and diabetes, usually in people with risk factors for diabetes. The CVD benefit of statins far exceeds the risk of diabetes. Statin myalgia, without CK elevation, is likely caused by muscle symptoms with another etiology, or the nocebo effect. Notable adverse effects of non-statin medicines include injection site reactions (alirocumab, evolocumab, inclisiran), increased uric acid and gout (bempedoic acid), at...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 8, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Connie B. Newman Source Type: research

Lipoprotein Assessment in the twenty-first Century
This article provides an update of lipoprotein metabolism as it relates to atherosclerosis and how diagnostic measures of lipids and lipoproteins can serve as markers of cardiovascular risk, with a focus on recent advances in cardiovascular risk marker testing. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 8, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Diego Lucero, Anna Wolska, Zahra Aligabi, Sarah Turecamo, Alan T. Remaley Source Type: research

Management of Dyslipidemia in Endocrine Diseases
This article reviews various endocrine conditions that can impact lipid levels and/or cardiovascular disease risk. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 5, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Lisa R. Tannock Source Type: research

Big Fish or No Fish; Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease
Benefits of omega 3 fatty acids for cardiovascular and other diseases have been touted for more than 50  years. The one clear clinical benefit of these lipids is the reduction of circulating levels of triglycerides, making them a useful approach for the prevention of pancreatitis in severely hypertriglyceridemic patients. After a series of spectacularly failed clinical trials that were criticized for the choice of subjects and doses of omega 3 fatty acids used, Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) using a high dose of icosapent ethyl (IPE) reported a reduction in cardiovas...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 5, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ira J. Goldberg, Jana Gjini, Edward A. Fisher Source Type: research

High-Density Lipoprotein and Cardiovascular Disease —Where do We Stand?
Decades of research have shown that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in humans are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This association is strong and coherent across populations and remains after the elimination of covariates. Animal studies show that increasing HDL particles prevent atherosclerosis, and basic work on the biology of HDL supports a strong biological plausibility for a therapeutic target. This enthusiasm is dampened by Mendelian randomization data showing that HDL-C may not be causal in ASCVD. Furthermore, drugs that increase HDL-C have largely failed to prevent...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 4, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Iulia Iatan, Hong Y Choi, Jacques Genest Source Type: research

LDL Cholesterol —How Low Can We Go?
This article examines several lines of evidence that lead to the conclusion that there is no known threshold below which lowering LDL cholesterol is harmful, but reduction of LDL cholesterol below 25 mg/dL may provide little if any further benefit. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 4, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Jonathan A. Tobert Source Type: research

Evaluation and Management of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Children and Adolescents
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Universal screening in all children aged 9 to 11  years and 17 to 21 years, and targeted screening in children with high-risk factors, can help in early identification and treatment of dyslipidemia during the youth, significantly reducing clinical CVD risk in adult life. Lifestyle modifications with heart-healthy diet and moderate-vigorous activ ity are fundamental in the management of pediatric dyslipidemia. Pharmacotherapy has been evolving in children, and statins, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors, fibrates, niac...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 4, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Amisha Patel, Nivedita Patni Source Type: research

Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk is the cornerstone of primary ASCVD prevention, enabling targeted use of the most aggressive therapies in those most likely to benefit, while guiding a conservative approach in those who are low risk. ASCVD risk assessment begins with the use of a traditional 10-year risk calculator, with further refinement through the consideration of risk-enhancing factors (particularly lipoprotein(a)) and subclinical atherosclerosis testing (particularly coronary artery calcium (CAC) testing). In this review, we summarize the current field of ASCVD risk assessment in prim...
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 4, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Earl Goldsborough, Ngozi Osuji, Michael J. Blaha Source Type: research

The Inherited Hypercholesterolemias
Inherited hypercholesterolemias include monogenic and polygenic disorders, which can be very rare (eg, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)) or relatively common (eg, familial combined hyperlipidemia [FCH]). In this review, we discuss familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), FH-mimics (eg, polygenic hypercholesterolemia [PH], FCH, sitosterolemia), and other inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia (eg, hyper-lipoprotein(a) levels [hyper-Lp(a)]). The prevalence, genetics, and management of inherited hypercholesterolemias are described and selected guidelines summarized. (Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America)
Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America - July 4, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Wann Jia Loh, Gerald F. Watts Source Type: research