Physical Activity in the Prevention of Weight Gain: the Impact of Measurement and Interpretation of Associations
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo what extent do different methods of physical activity measurement and statistical analysis influence the reported associations between physical activity and weight gain?Recent FindingsThe obesity epidemic has led to a focus on lifestyle approaches to the prevention of weight gain. Physical activity is one such approach. A number of studies have reported beneficial associations between higher levels of physical activity and weight gain at the population level. However, limitations of physical activity measurement and analytical models in some of these studies are likely to have resulted in overes...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 22, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Energy Balance and Its Contribution to Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesogenic environment challenges individuals ’ ability to preserve energy homeostasis, leading to weight gain. To understand how this energy imbalance proceeds, several methods and analytical procedures to determine energy intake and expenditure are currently available. However, these methods and procedures are not exempt from issues that ma y lead to equivocal conclusions. Our purpose herein is to discuss major issues involved in energy balance assessment.Recent FindingsMeasurement of energy intake mostly relies on self-report methods that provide inaccurate data. In contrast, determination of ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 21, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Primary Care Interventions for Obesity: Review of the Evidence
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review describes the results of randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the efficacy of behavioral interventions for obesity in primary care settings.Recent FindingsMost studies have found that high-intensity behavioral counseling (providing 12 or more sessions per year, as defined by the US Preventative Services Task Force), when delivered in-person, by phone, or electronically, produced clinically meaningful weight loss (4 to 7 kg). Low- to moderate-intensity behavioral counseling and counseling that did not include behavioral strategies (e.g., motivational interviewing) produced ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 18, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Issues in Measuring the Healthiness of Food Environments and Interpreting Relationships with Diet, Obesity and Related Health Outcomes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThere is a broad consensus that policies to create healthier food environments are needed to address obesity. However, previous reviews of the relationships between the healthiness of food environments and diet/obesity-related outcomes have typically reported either mixed associations or none at all. This paper aimed to synthesise measurement and interpretation issues in this field, based on findings from previous reviews.Recent FindingsKey issues, drawn from 14 previous reviews in the last decade, included: (1) the use of measures of the food environments that are too narrow in scope; (2) inadequa...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 15, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Diet and Its Contribution to Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review summarises the issues related to the measurement and interpretation of dietary intake in individuals with overweight and obesity, as well as identifies future research priorities.Recent FindingsSome aspects of the assessment of dietary intake have improved through the application of technology-based methods and the use of dietary biomarkers. In populations with overweight and obesity, misreporting bias related to social desirability is a prominent issue. Future efforts should focus on combining technology-based dietary methods with the use of dietary biomarkers to help reduce and accoun...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 14, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Metformin: Mechanisms in Human Obesity and Weight Loss
AbstractPurpose of ReviewMetformin has multiple benefits for health beyond its anti-hyperglycemic properties. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the mechanisms that underlie metformin ’s effects on obesity.Recent FindingsMetformin is a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. Large cohort studies have shown weight loss benefits associated with metformin therapy. Metabolic consequences were traditionally thought to underlie this effect, including reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduction in insulin production. Emerging evidence suggests that metformin-associated weight loss is due to modulation of hypotha...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 13, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
The Influence of Parental Dieting Behavior on Child Dieting Behavior and Weight Status
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo explore the relationship that parental dieting behavior (e.g., dieting, encouragement to diet, weight-teasing) has on child dieting behavior and weight status.Recent FindingsEncouragement to diet and weight-teasing are both strong predictors of child dieting behavior in both childhood and adolescence. The impact of parent modeling of dieting behavior on child dieting behavior is mixed, but there is enough evidence to suggest that modeling is more impactful on daughters than sons and when parents are modeling unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors (e.g., skipping meals).SummaryParental di...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 6, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Gastrointestinal Barrier Breakdown and Adipose Tissue Inflammation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesity is a state of chronic inflammation. This review aims to summarize recent data supporting the role of the intestinal mucosal barrier and the microbiome in causing adipose tissue inflammation as well as metabolic factors that can affect the intestinal barrier.Recent FindingsObesity and its metabolic consequences, such as diabetes mellitus, are associated with disruption of the intestinal barrier function. Intestinal microbiota and diet play a key role in the maintenance of a healthy intestinal epithelium. Intestinal barrier dysfunction can lead to heightened inflammation, which in turn can fu...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 6, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Changes in Bile Acid Metabolism, Transport, and Signaling as Central Drivers for Metabolic Improvements After Bariatric Surgery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe review current evidence regarding changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism, transport, and signaling after bariatric surgery and how these might bolster fat mass loss and energy expenditure to promote improvements in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Recent FindingsThe two most common bariatric techniques, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), increase the size and alter the composition of the circulating BA pool that may then impact energy metabolism through altered activities of BA targets in the many tissues perfused by systemic bl...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 6, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Disordered Eating Among Individuals with Excess Weight: a Review of Recent Research
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review was to examine different forms of disordered eating among individuals with excess weight, including their rates, correlates, and psychosocial treatments.Recent FindingsBinge eating/binge eating disorder, loss of control eating, emotional eating, and food addiction are all fairly prevalent among individuals with excess weight. They appear to share many of the same correlates, including broader eating disorder psychopathology, body/shape/weight concerns, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and third-wave (e.g., acceptance, mindfulness...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 1, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Weight Bias in Educational Settings: a Systematic Review
ConclusionThese results highlighted the impact of weight bias in creating inequity for students with obesity as well as several underexamined areas, such as weight bias in postsecondary settings and attitudes among teachers and pre-service teachers. Innovative strategies to address weight bias in educational settings are needed. (Source: Current Obesity Reports)
Source: Current Obesity Reports - February 28, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
A Review of the Relationship between Night Eating Syndrome and Body Mass Index
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewTo review literature on night eating syndrome (NES) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) published in the last 5 years.Recent FindingsSince December, 2013, 11 studies examined the association between NES and BMI. Five of these studies reported a positive relationship, five showed no relationship, and one produced mixed findings. Emotional eating and age were moderators. Twelve studies examined whether there was a difference in BMI between those with and without NES with only five of these finding differences. A primary weakness of the recent literature base is that it is almost entirely cross-sec...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - February 27, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Correction to: Psychosocial Concerns Following Bariatric Surgery: Current Status
A word was inadvertently omitted in the original version of this article. (Source: Current Obesity Reports)
Source: Current Obesity Reports - February 8, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Obesity in South Asia: Phenotype, Morbidities, and Mitigation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesity has increased in South Asian countries that are still grappling with undernutrition. In this review, we highlight the characteristics of obesity, its relation to morbidities, and its management in South Asians. A literature search was conducted using relevant search engines and based on key words focusing on obesity in South Asians.Recent FindingsThe increasing trend in obesity prevalence is caused by imbalanced diets and physical inactivity. South Asians, in general, have higher body fat and lower skeletal muscle mass at the same or lower BMIs compared to white people ( “high body fat-no...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - February 7, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
A Critical Examination of the Practical Implications Derived from the Food Addiction Concept
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAdopting an addiction perspective on eating disorders and obesity may have practical implications for diagnostic classification, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. The present article critically examines these implications derived from the food addiction concept.Recent FindingsIntroducing food addiction as a new disorder in diagnostic classification system seems redundant as most individuals with an addiction-like eating behavior are already covered by established eating disorder diagnoses. Food addiction may be a useful metaphor in the treatment of binge eating, but would be inappropria...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - January 31, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
