The Role of Eating Behaviours in Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewEating behaviours are hypothesised to be the behavioural expression of genetic risk of obesity. In this review, we summarise findings from behavioural genetic research on the association between genetic risk for obesity and validated psychometrics measures of eating behaviours in children and adults (published in the past 10 years).Recent FindingsTwin studies have produced some evidence for a shared genetic aetiology underlying body mass index and eating behaviours. Studies using measured genetic susceptibility to obesity have suggested that increased genetic liability for obesity is associated w...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - September 2, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
A Review of Obesity, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe focus of this review is to discuss obesity, physical activity (and physical inactivity/sedentary behavior), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and their often interrelated health implications. The authors summarize the pathophysiological changes associated with obesity, which lead to the development of CVD, recommendations for interventions such as diet, increased physical activity, and weight loss according to current literature and guidelines, and the critical importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).Recent FindingsClinical trials continue to demonstrate improved outcomes among overweight or ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - August 31, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Psychological Correlates of Sedentary Screen Time Behaviour Among Children and Adolescents: a Narrative Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aims of this narrative review were to (1) synthesise the literature on the relationship between screen time and important mental health outcomes and (2) examine the underpinning factors that can influence this association.Recent FindingsParalleling the rise of mental health issues in children and adolescents is the ubiquitous overuse of screens, but it is unclear how screen time is related to important mental health outcomes and whether this association differs by gender, age and screen type.MethodsMedline/PubMed, PsychINFO and Google Scholar databases were searched on December 2019 for article...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - August 31, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Obesity: a Review of Literature from the Past Decade to Inform Intervention Research
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis is a review of the patterns, conceptualization, and suggested mechanisms underlying the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to obesity in childhood and the implications of these data for interventions going forward.Recent FindingsAdiposity and SES are negatively associated in high-income countries and positively associated in medium to low-income countries. Several mechanisms, such as early introduction of solid food and parental behaviors, which may explain the association of SES and adiposity, have been identified. Parental education and adiposity and early pediatric nutrition appear ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - August 11, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
The Retail Food Environment, Store Foods, and Diet and Health among Indigenous Populations: a Scoping Review
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewDescribe the state of knowledge on how the retail food environment contributes to diet-related health and obesity among Indigenous populations, and assess how the literature incorporates Indigenous perspectives, methodologies and engagement throughout the research process. Outcomes included dietary behaviour (purchasing, intakes and diet quality) and diet-related health outcomes (weight-related outcomes, non-communicable diseases and holistic health or definitions of health as defined by Indigenous populations involved in the study).Recent FindingsOf fifty included articles (1996 –2019), the ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - August 10, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
The Implication of Gut Hormones in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review provides an update on the role of gut hormones and their interactions in the regulation of energy homeostasis, describes gut hormone adaptations in obesity and in response to weight loss, and summarizes the current evidence on the role of gut hormone-based therapies for obesity treatment.Recent FindingsGut hormones play a key role in regulating eating behaviour, energy and glucose homeostasis. Dysregulated gut hormone responses have been proposed to be pathogenetically involved in the development and perpetuation of obesity. Summarizing the major gut hormone changes in obesity, obese in...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - July 8, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Autoantibody Production in Obesity: Is There Evidence for a Link Between Obesity and Autoimmunity?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDuring the last decades, obesity and autoimmune disorders have shown a parallel significant rise in industrialized countries. This review aims at providing a comprehensive update of the relationship between the adipose tissue in obesity and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the underlying mechanisms with a particular emphasis on adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the impaired B cell activity, and the production of natural and pathogenic autoantibody repertoire in the context of obesity.Recent FindingsObesity is related to a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthr...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - July 5, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Socioeconomics of Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata.Recent FindingsObesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fu...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - July 5, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Outcomes in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: an Updated 5-Year Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewKnowledge regarding postoperative outcomes after bariatric and metabolic surgery continues to evolve. This review highlights key findings in outcomes research over the last 5 years related to weight loss, remission of obesity-related disease, reflux, revisional surgery, robotic-assisted surgical platforms, and adolescent populations.Recent FindingsSleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) produce similar weight loss patterns at 5 years, while duodenal switch (BPD/DS) and related procedures are associated with maximal weight loss overall and optimal resolution of obesity-relate...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 29, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Omics Biomarkers in Obesity: Novel Etiological Insights and Targets for Precision Prevention
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOmics-based technologies were suggested to provide an advanced understanding of obesity etiology and its metabolic consequences. This review highlights the recent developments in “omics”-based research aimed to identify obesity-related biomarkers.Recent FindingsRecent advances in obesity and metabolism research increasingly rely on new technologies to identify mechanisms in the development of obesity using various “omics” platforms. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers that translate into changes in transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome could serve as targets for obesity prevention. Despite ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 26, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Is There an Obesity Paradox in Critical Illness? Epidemiologic and Metabolic Considerations
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesity represents a global epidemic with serious implications in public health due to its increasing prevalence and its known association with a high morbidity and mortality burden. However, a growing number of data support a survival benefit of obesity in critical illness. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the obesity paradox in critical illness, discusses methodological issues and metabolic implications, and presents potential pathophysiologic mechanisms.Recent FindingsData from meta-analyses and recent studies corroborate the obesity-related survival benefit in critically ill pa...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 19, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Health-Related Quality of Life in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review describes the latest evidence for the impact of bariatric surgery on health-related quality of life (HRQL).Recent FindingsThe impact of bariatric surgery on HRQL is less well-understood than its clinical effectiveness on weight and co-morbidities. Poor-quality study design and different HRQL measures challenge systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Available limited evidence suggests that physical aspects of HRQL may improve more than mental health aspects of HRQL after bariatric surgery, reaching maximal benefits 1 –2 years post-surgery. Comparative HRQL analyses between bariatric pr...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 17, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Predicting Responses to Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBariatric surgery is today the most effective therapy for weight loss and reduction of comorbidity burden in patients with severe obesity. However, bariatric surgery does not benefit equally all the patients. A consistent variability in outcomes has been observed. Predicting responses to bariatric surgery could be an important tool in clinical practice, by improving patients ’ selection or by identifying patients in which more aggressive follow-up and post-operative intervention should be applied. Predictive factors for weight loss, weight regain, diabetes remission and recurrence are briefly rev...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 15, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHigh-protein diets in the management of obesity have been around for many years and have been rigorously tested for their ability to induce weight loss. Comparably less is known about their effects on the maintenance of lost weight.Recent FindingsSeveral small and a few large randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of high-protein diets (20 –35% of calories from protein; 1.2–1.9 g/kg∙day) compared with normal-protein diets (10–20% of calories from protein; 0.8–1.3 g/kg∙day), consumed mostly ad libitum during weight loss maintenance, i.e., after clinically significant weight loss...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 14, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Childhood Obesity and Cancer Risk in Adulthood
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the association between childhood obesity and cancer risk later in life.Recent FindingsAdipose tissue secrets a variety of adipocytokines, and expression and/or secretion rate of most of them seems to be increased or dysregulated in obesity. In addition, obesity leads to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon- γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which promotes an infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into adipose tissue. This process may facilitate a state o...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 8, 2020 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
