The Role of Adipokines in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives
AbstractPurposeThe current review shows evidence for the role of adipokines in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis summarizing the mechanisms underlying the association between adipokines and breast malignancy. Special emphasis is given also on intriguing insights into the relationship between obesity and BC as well as on the role of novel adipokines in BC development.Recent FindingsRecent evidence has underscored the role of the triad of obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines in postmenopausal BC. Adipokines exert independent and joint effects on activation of major intracellular signal networks implicated in BC cell pro...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - October 20, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
The Role of Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Sepsis: Inflammatory and Metabolic Considerations, and the Obesity Paradox
AbstractPurposeSepsis has become a global health problem with rising incidence and high mortality, creating a substantial social and economic burden. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcome, but reliable sepsis biomarkers are lacking. This review summarizes current evidence of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking adipose tissue to sepsis and presents experimental and clinical data on adipokines and sepsis along with important insights into the obesity paradox in sepsis survival.Recent findingsSepsis is characterized by significant alterations in circulating cytokines and adipokines, biologically active molec...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - October 20, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Oxytocin and Vasopressin Systems in Obesity and Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Perspectives
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe neurohypophysial endocrine system is identified here as a potential target for therapeutic interventions toward improving obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, given its coinciding pleiotropic effects on psychological, neurological and metabolic systems that are disrupted in obesity.Recent FindingsCopeptin, the C-terminal portion of the precursor of arginine-vasopressin, is positively associated with body mass index and risk of type 2 diabetes. Plasma oxytocin is decreased in obesity and several other conditions of abnormal glucose homeostasis. Recent data also show non-classical tissues, such...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 24, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy on Food Preferences and Potential Mechanisms Involved
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBariatric surgery leads to a substantial decrease in energy intake. It is unclear whether this decrease in energy intake is simply due to eating smaller portions of the same food items or a shift in food preference towards less energy-dense foods. This review evaluates the existing literature on changes in food preferences after bariatric surgery and the potential mechanisms involved.Recent FindingsChanges in food preferences have been reported; however, the evidence is mainly based on indirect measurements, such as self-reporting. When changes in food preferences are directly assessed, results con...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 20, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Lessons Learned from the POUNDS Lost Study: Genetic, Metabolic, and Behavioral Factors Affecting Changes in Body Weight, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis paper reviews the genetic and non-genetic factors that provided predictions of, or were associated with, weight loss and other metabolic changes in the POUNDS Lost clinical trial of weight loss. This trial randomized 811 individuals who were overweight or obese to one of four diets that contained either 15% or 25% protein and 20% or 40% fat in a 2 × 2 factorial design. A standard behavioral weight loss program was available for all participants who were followed for 2 years with an 80% completion rate.Recent FindingsNineteen genes and five genetic risk scores were used along with demogra...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 17, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Human Obesity: Impact of Bariatric Surgery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this review, we summarize what is currently described in terms of gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis modification post-bariatric surgery (BS) and their link with BS-induced clinical improvement. We also discuss how the major inter-individual variability in terms of GM changes could impact the clinical improvements seen in patients.Recent FindingsThe persisting increase in severe obesity prevalence has led to the subsequent burst in BS number. Indeed, it is to date the best treatment option to induce major and sustainable weight loss and metabolic improvement in these patients. During obesity, the gut...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 12, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Obesity and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders: Current Evidence and Perspectives
AbstractPurposeIn this review, we summarize current evidence on the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in relation to obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Special emphasis is given on mechanisms interconnecting gut microbiome and microbial metabolites with metabolic disorders as well as on potential preventive and therapeutic perspectives with a “bench to bedside” approach.Recent FindingsRecent data have highlighted the role of gut dysbiosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - June 6, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Ethnic Disparities in Adiposity: Focus on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Visceral, and Generalized Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewExcessive adiposity has become a public health problem worldwide, contributing to the rise in obesity-related diseases and associated morbidity and mortality. This review details the relative significance of race/ethnicity as it pertains to adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Recent FindingsFat distribution remains a more reliable measure of adiposity than anthropometric measures, with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. While obesity is the most common risk factor for NAFLD, the racial/ethnic prevalence of obesity does not co...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - May 28, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Mechanism of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Improvements in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to emphasize the pivotal role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in tackling the parallel epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Recent FindingsGLP-1-based therapies and in particular GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have proven to be effective in lowering blood glucose and decreasing weight. GLP-1 RA not only mitigate these significant medical burdens but also result in weight loss and weight loss independent factors that decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) and microvascular complications of T2DM, such as diabetic nephropathy.SummaryGLP-1-based therapies ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - May 22, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
How Group-Based Interventions Can Improve Services for People with Severe Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewRising demand for specialised “Tier 3” weight management services in England is exceeding capacity, leading many services to offer group-based care programmes. This review considers the organisation of current provision, exploring how group programmes may enhance services and how these could be scaled up for wider implementa tion.Recent FindingsExisting group-based programmes mainly focus on providing patients with information and education about their condition. Evidence suggests that groups themselves offer therapeutic benefits beyond this, by underpinning patients ’ engagement with program...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - May 5, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Severe Obesity in the Pediatric Population: Current Concepts in Clinical Care
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review describes (1) the clinical assessment of pediatric patients with severe obesity, including a summary of salient biological, psychological, and social factors that may be contributing to the patient ’s obesity and (2) the current state of treatment strategies for pediatric severe obesity, including lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery.Recent FindingsLifestyle modification therapy alone is insufficient for achieving clinically significant BMI reduction for most youth with severe obesity and metabolic and bariatric surgery, though effective...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - May 2, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Human Appetite (Satiety/Satiation) and Its Contribution to Obesity
This report assesses the validity of a homeostatic toolkit to measure subjectively perceived hunger and its relationship to the developing processes of satiation (control of meal size) and satiety (control of the post-eating period). The capacity of a procedure to measure the influence of hedonic processes on food intake is also evaluated. A major issue is the relationship between the pattern of eating behaviour (influenced by the underlying drive to eat and the inhibition induced by the act of eating itself) and the parallel underlying profile of hormonal and other metabolic biomarkers.SummaryIncreasing recognition is bei...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - April 28, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity Treatment
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance.Recent FindingsSignificant weight loss can improve NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diet and exercise that result in a sustained body weight reduction of 7 –10% can improve liver fat content, NASH, and fibrosis. Vitamin E can be considered in patients with biopsy-proven NASH without diabetes, though caution must be used in those with prostate cancer. Pioglitazone improves liver histology, including fibrosis, and can be cons...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - April 2, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Immunometabolism Converge: Perspectives on Future Research and Therapeutic Development for Obesity
AbstractPurpose of ReviewResearch over the past decade has shown that immunologic and metabolic pathways are intricately linked. This burgeoning field of immunometabolism includes intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and is known to be associated with obesity-accelerated metabolic disease. Intrinsic immunometabolism includes the study of fuel utilization and bioenergetic pathways that influence immune cell function. Extrinsic immunometabolism includes the study of immune cells and products that influence systemic metabolism.Recent FindingsTh2 immunity, macrophage iron handling, adaptive immune memory, and epigenetic regulation...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 26, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
FSP27 and Links to Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus
AbstractPurpose of ReviewObesity is a pandemic, yet preventable healthcare problem. Insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular complications are core manifestation of obesity. While adipose tissue is a primary site of energy storage, it is also an endocrine organ, secreting a large number of adipokines and cytokines. Nonetheless in obesity, the secretion of cytokines and free fatty acids increases significantly and is associated with the degree of adiposity and insulin resistance. Fat-specific protein 27 (FSP27) has emerged as one of the major proteins that promote physiological storage of fat ...
Source: Current Obesity Reports - March 26, 2019 Category: Eating Disorders & Weight Management Source Type: research
