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Gaming Disorder: How to Translate Behavioral Neuroscience Into Public Health Advances
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGaming disorder (GD), meanwhile classified as a mental disorder in both DSM-5 and ICD-11, is a current public health issue. Theoretical models assume core psychological processes, such as cue reactivity, craving, reward processing, decision-making, cognitive biases, inhibitory control, and stress relief, to be crucially involved in the development and maintenance of GD. This review summarizes neuroscientific findings on these processes in the context of GD as well as treatments and intervention programs addressing these processes.Recent FindingsWe identified overlaps regarding the involvement of ne...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - September 14, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Role of Intranasal Oxytocin on Social Cognition: an Integrative Human Lifespan Approach
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis narrative review synthesizes research from the last two decades on the modulatory role of intranasal OT administration (IN-OT) on social cognition in early life, young/middle adulthood, and older adulthood. Advances and knowledge gaps are identified, and future research directions are discussed within an integrative human lifespan framework to guide novel research on IN-OT and social cognition.Recent FindingsCurrent evidence regarding IN-OT modulation of social-cognitive processes, behavior, and related neurocircuitry is mixed with some studies suggesting benefits (e.g., improved social percep...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - September 11, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Inflammatory Pathways in Psychiatric Disorders: the Case of Schizophrenia and Depression
AbstractPurpose of ReviewA better understanding of the key molecules/pathways underlying the pathophysiology of depression and schizophrenia may contribute to novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments on the role of inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of depression and schizophrenia.Recent FindingsInflammation is an innate immune response that can be triggered by various factors, including pathogens, stress, and injury. Under normal conditions, the inflammatory responses quiet after pathogen clearance and tissue repair. However, abnormal long-term or chronic inflammation ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - July 25, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Impulsivity across Substance Use Categories: Consideration of Sex/Gender
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal was to review recent (1/2015 –2/2020) evidence of impulsivity as a feature of substance use disorders or use of substances (alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, opioids, stimulants) in males compared with females in terms of the following: (a) impulsivity in substance-using groups (or substance-using compared with control groups), an d (b) relationship between impulsivity and substance use behavior, clinical severity, or treatment outcomes.Recent FindingsOf 361 papers identified by the searches, 69 met inclusion criteria, and 39 were highlighted for considering sex/gender in relation to impulsiv...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - July 14, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Bayesian Brain and Psychoanalytic Dimensions of Hyper-salience in Psychosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarize the Bayesian model of the brain as it has been applied to hyper-salient experiences in psychosis such as ideas of reference (in particular, the attribution of personal meaning to the glance of strangers) and to amend this model by adding a Meaning Salience factor to the Bayesian equation that specifies the personal significance of the hyper-salient experience to the individual.Recent FindingsRecent descriptions of the semi-independent processes of biological and psychological recovery from psychosis do not include an account of the figurative, metaphorical meaning of anomalous experien...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - June 26, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Decision-Making in Gambling Disorder, Problematic Pornography Use, and Binge-Eating Disorder: Similarities and Differences
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe present review attempts to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the neurocognitive mechanisms of gambling disorder (GD), problematic pornography use (PPU), and binge-eating disorder (BED), focusing specifically on decision-making processes.Recent FindingsGD, PPU, and BED have been associated with decision-making impairments both under risk and ambiguity. Features such as intelligence, emotions, social variables, cognitive distortions, comorbidities, or arousal may condition decision-making processes in these individuals.SummaryImpairments in decision-making seem to be a shared trans...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - June 26, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Learning and Motivation for Rewards in Schizophrenia: Implications for Behavioral Rehabilitation
AbstractPurpose of ReviewImpaired reward processing and amotivation are well documented in schizophrenia. We aim to review the current state of neuroimaging and behavioral research addressing components of motivational deficits in this complex and impairing syndrome. Evidence will be integrated to inform the ongoing development of effective strategies for behavioral rehabilitation.Recent FindingsWhile striatal dopamine and aberrant reward prediction errors have been connected to amotivation in schizophrenia, they are not sufficiently full explanations of reward processing impairments. Frontal dysfunction and associated cog...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - June 22, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Neuromodulation in Schizophrenia: Relevance of Neuroimaging
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review focuses on discussing the recent evidences that demonstrate the relevance of neuroimaging in the context of neuromodulation in schizophrenia.Recent FindingsNeuromodulation techniques have been used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. In the past few decades, neuroimaging guided neuromodulation interventions, proven to improve effectiveness and accuracy of intervention.SummaryNeuroimaging techniques also predict the efficacy as well as prognosis of the neuromodulation intervention. Many of the existing evidences are preliminary and limited by small ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - June 17, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Biological Targets Underlying the Antisuicidal Effects of Lithium
This article highlights the potential relationship of lithium ’s cellular and molecular targets to its antisuicidal effects in bipolar disorder (BD).Recent FindingsLithium is the mood stabilizer that shows the most robust therapeutic evidence in relapse prevention and mood episodes in BD. Compelling evidence also elucidates lithium ’s unique effects in reversing and preventing suicidal behavior (SB), mostly in individuals with BD.SummaryThe following review is an up-to-date summary of studies related to the anti-suicidal effects of lithium in patients with BD. We focused on studies investigating the similarities in pat...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - June 12, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Microbiome and Schizophrenia: Current Evidence and Future Challenges
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to summarize the current evidence for the link between schizophrenia and alterations in the microbiome.Recent FindingsAvailable data show microbiome alterations in patients with schizophrenia, especially in the gut microbiome compared with healthy individuals. Changes were observed in diversity, with associations noted between the microbiome and metabolic and immune pathways. However, results showed specific community structure patterns of the microbiome varied among patients with schizophrenia. The observed changes reflected disease-related processes (e.g., nicotine use), and also...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - May 9, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Lens Shapes the View: on Task Dependency in ToM Research
This article provides an overview of current findings on Theory of Mind (ToM) in human children and adults and highlights the relationship between task specifications and their outcome in socio-cognitive research.Recent FindingsToM, the capacity to reason about and infer others ’ mental states, develops progressively throughout childhood—the exact time course is still a matter of debate. Neuroimaging studies indicate the involvement of a widespread neuronal network during mentalizing, suggesting that ToM is a multifaceted process. Accordingly, the tasks and trainings t hat currently exist to investigate and enhance ToM...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - April 19, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Current and Future Vistas in Bipolar Disorder
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis paper aims to provide a succinct and narrative review of key developments in the diagnostic criteria, neurobiology, and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD).Recent FindingsDepressive symptoms/episodes and cognitive dysfunction are critical mediators of human capital, quality of life, and wellness in persons with BD. Significant advances in tolerability and incremental advances in efficacy exist with antimanic agents. Bipolar depression treatment options remain suboptimal with relatively few being metabolically neutral. In silico modeling and advanced computational methods provide promise to furt...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - April 4, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

A Critical Review on Structural Neuroimaging Studies in BD: a Transdiagnostic Perspective from Psychosis to Fronto-Temporal Dementia
AbstractRecent FindingsIn the last decades, many neuroimaging studies have investigated the brain structural deficits associated with the pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder (BD). Notably, the available literature identified the presence of selective brain structural abnormalities, in terms of both gray matter (GM) and white matter, known to be involved in emotion regulation and processing. Nonetheless, the complex and heterogeneous nature of BD has not yet allowed the identification of a clear biological signature of this disorder.Purpose of ReviewIn this context, this review aims to a) briefly summarize the evidence from...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 26, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Prevention of Bipolar Disorder: Are We Almost There?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewA considerable portion of bipolar patients do not respond well to available therapeutic strategies. Therefore, early identification of BD and its possible prevention are of high interest. We performed a critical review of the literature, focusing on the evidence with putative implications for the prevention of BD.Recent FindingsSeveral psychopathological findings among individuals at high genetic risk for BD may correspond to a prodromal stage of BD. Neuroimaging alterations and other biological findings among those at high risk for BD have also been identified. However, the ability of these strate...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 6, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

NMDA Antagonists and Their Role in the Management of Bipolar Disorder: a Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis manuscript aims to review the role of NMDA antagonists in the treatment of mood disorders, more specifically in bipolar disorder.Recent FindingsDifferent sources of evidence have implicated glutamatergic abnormalities in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In particular, rapid and robust antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonist ketamine and its enantiomer esketamine have been consistently reported by several controlled trials. In last years, considerable research efforts have been destined to identify glutamatergic drugs with a better safety and tolerability profile. However, efforts to ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 3, 2020 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research