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Recent Trends in the Use of Electrical Neuromodulation in Parkinson ’s Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review aims to survey recent trends in electrical forms of neuromodulation, with a specific application to Parkinson ’s disease (PD). Emerging trends are identified, highlighting synergies in state-of-the-art neuromodulation strategies, with directions for future improvements in stimulation efficacy suggested.Recent FindingsDeep brain stimulation remains the most common and effective form of electrical stimulation for the treatment of PD. Evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) most likely impacts the motor symptoms of the disease, with the most prominent result...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - April 24, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Combining NIBS with EEG: What Can It Tell Us About Normal Cognition?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGiven recent controversies about the limitations of using unnatural experimental contexts and overly reductionist approaches, it is timely to illustrate how combined TMS-EEG can inform the study of normal cognition.Recent FindingsThe effect of TMS to visual cortices has been characterized with EEG, and related to specific aspects of normal perceptual cognition. Occipital regions act as one of multiple key trigger nodes in an attentional network that can function to some extent independently of awareness, and with a neural signature dissociable from that recorded after stimulating other nodes.Summar...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - April 21, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Current Understanding of the Neural Mechanisms of Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this article, we aim to give an overview over recent neuroimaging research on dissociation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Stress-related dissociation is highly prevalent in BPD, while so far only little is known about its neural underpinnings.Recent FindingsBased on research in depersonalization and the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, it has been proposed that dissociation involves alterations in a cortico-limbic network. In BPD, neuroimaging research explicitly focusing on dissociation is still scarce.SummaryFunctional neuroimaging studies have provided prelimi...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Pathways to Neuroprediction: Opportunities and Challenges to Prediction of Treatment Response in Depression
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe set out to review the current state of science in neuroprediction, using biological measures of brain function, with task based fMRI to prospectively predict response to a variety of treatments.Recent FindingsTask-based fMRI neuroprediction studies are balanced between whole brain and ROI specific analyses. The predominant tasks are emotion processing, with ROIs based upon amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus, both within the salience and emotion network. A rapidly emerging new area of neuroprediction is of disease course and illness recurrence. Concerns include use of open-label and ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Rapid-Acting Antidepressants: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions
AbstractPurpose of ReviewKetamine produces rapid (within hours) antidepressant actions, even in patients considered treatment resistant, and even shows promise for suicidal ideation. Here, we review current research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ketamine and other novel rapid-acting antidepressants, and briefly explore gender differences in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD.Recent FindingsKetamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, increases BDNF release and synaptic connectivity, opposing the deficits caused by chronic stress and depression. Efforts are focused on the development of novel rapid agents that...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Neurophysiological Mechanisms and Distinct Subtypes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe trait-oriented triarchic model of psychopathy emphasizes heterogeneity in mechanisms that give rise to antisocial behavior. We review findings from neurophysiological studies that provide evidence for distinct variants of antisocial personality involving different configurations of triarchic model traits —boldness, meanness, and disinhibition.Recent FindingsHigh boldness is evident in some manifestations of ASPD, where it operates as a “mask” to conceal callous-disinhibitory proclivities. Meanness involves features of low empathy, weak affiliation, and an antagonistic social style that ap...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Developmental Aspects of Schizotypy and Suspiciousness: a Review
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThis review identifies the early developmental processes that contribute to schizotypy and suspiciousness in adolescence and adulthood. It includes the most recent literature on these phenomena in childhood.Recent FindingsThe early developmental processes that affect schizotypy and paranoia in later life are complex. In contrast to existing studies of psychiatric patients and clinical/nonclinical adult populations, the study of schizotypy and suspiciousness in young children and adolescents is possible due to new child-appropriate dimensional assessments. New assessments and the advancement of ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Psychological Treatment Action in Depression and Anxiety
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPsychological treatments for anxiety and depression are not universally effective, with many individuals continuing to experience symptoms after treatment. A better understanding of how these treatments work has the potential to inform treatment development and optimization. Neuroimaging studies provide one level of analysis to investigate mechanisms of treatment action. Here, we review recent studies using this approach to assess mechanisms of psychological treatments.Recent FindingsCognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression was associated with changes in activation of amygdala, ACC, ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Depression: a Review of the Candidate Mechanisms of Action
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNumerous studies published in the last 10  years indicate that repeated administration of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanisms of action are unclear and methods of patient selection for clinical trials are limited. This revi ew seeks to examine the potential neural and cognitive mechanisms of action of tDCS in the treatment of MDD, to aid patient selection for future clinical trials.Recent FindingsCognitive measures of tDCS efficacy in the treatment of MDD have begun to be examined ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Inter-relationship of the Intestinal Microbiome, Diet, and Mental Health
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewAn unbalanced microbiota (dysbiosis) has been associated with or causative for a large array of human pathologies, including cognitive/emotional-related disorders. This review focuses on recent findings that address the restoration of a dysbiotic microbiota by dietary interventions with the main purpose of influencing brain function.Recent FindingsRecent research strongly suggests a critical connection between dietary habits, cognitive performance, and microbiota, but a thorough study of this inter-relationship presents a significant challenge. Although gut microbiota composition may be altered...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Correction to: Monoamine Oxidase a in Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder
AbstractThe article Monoamine Oxidase A in Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder, written by Nathan J. Kolla and Sarah A. Vinette, was originally published Online First without open access. (Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports)
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Borderline Personality Disorder: Refinements in Phenotypic and Cognitive Profiling
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAdvancements in taxometric and dimensional approaches to personality psychopathology have pushed for refinements to the borderline personality disorder (BPD) phenotype, but proposed revisions to the diagnosis in major nosological systems hinge in part on evidence to support their validity. We review recent phenotypic and cognitive research on BPD and consider ways that changes to the phenotype may be validated using cognitive measures.Recent FindingsPhenotypic research on BPD has identified core symptom dimensions underlying the DSM diagnosis, which also aggregate in families. While a unidimensiona...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - March 1, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Psychological Treatment Action in Depression and Anxiety
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPsychological treatments for anxiety and depression are not universally effective, with many individuals continuing to experience symptoms after treatment. A better understanding of how these treatments work has the potential to inform treatment development and optimization. Neuroimaging studies provide one level of analysis to investigate mechanisms of treatment action. Here, we review recent studies using this approach to assess mechanisms of psychological treatments.Recent FindingsCognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression was associated with changes in activation of amygdala, ACC, ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 22, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Traumatic Stress Epigenetics
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTraumatic stress has profound impacts on many domains of life, yet the mechanisms that confer risk for or resilience to the development of traumatic stress-related psychopathologies are still very much under investigation. The current review highlights recent developments in the field of traumatic stress epigenetics in humans.Recent FindingsRecent results reveal traumatic stress-related epigenetic dysregulation in neural, endocrine, and immune system genes and associated networks. Emerging work combining imaging with epigenetic measures holds promise for addressing the correspondence between periph...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 13, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research