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Dimensionality of Cognitions in Behavioral Addiction
Abstract Cognitive constructs provide conceptual frameworks for transpathological characterization and improved phenotyping of apparently disparate psychiatric groups. This dimensional approach can be applied to the examination of individuals with behavioral addictions, for example, towards gambling, video-games, the internet, food, and sex, allowing operationalization of core deficits. We use this approach to review constructs such as impulsivity, compulsivity, and attention regulation, which may be most relevant, applicable, and successful for the understanding and subsequent treatment of the addictions...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 20, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Altered Performance Monitoring in Psychopathy: A Review of Studies on Action Selection, Error, and Feedback Processing
Abstract Psychopathy is a serious personality disorder characterized by a range of affective and behavioral adaptation deficits. Behavioral adaptation and individual as well as social functioning require monitoring of one’s behavior, i.e., performance monitoring. Performance monitoring has been associated with specific neurophysiological processes, for instance, an astoundingly uniform sequence in the human EEG. In this review, I will present evidence for altered and likely deficient performance monitoring processes in psychopathy, which can explain a range of behavioral deficits. Previous research, how...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 11, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Erratum to: Novel Glutamatergic Treatments for Severe Mood Disorders
(Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports)
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 11, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Genetic Aspects of Gambling Disorders: Recent Developments and Future Directions
Abstract The familial aggregation of gambling disorders has been documented in the literature since the late 1980s. Currently, studies in large twin samples have confirmed that genetic factors contribute to the development of gambling disorders. In comparison to other psychiatric disorders, molecular genetic studies on gambling disorders are at an early stage; however, the use of larger samples and of new methodologies has provided important insights into its genetic underpinnings. The purpose of this article is to review twin and molecular genetics studies on gambling disorders published in the past 5 y...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 10, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Behavioural Addiction: a Useful Construct?
Abstract The concept of ‘addiction’ has long been used with reference to substance use disorders. There has, however, been growing interest in applying the term to other conditions, i.e. behavioural addictions, which are characterized by preoccupation with and decreased control over a range of behaviours other than substance intake that are rewarding but have adverse consequences. The best studied behavioural addiction, gambling disorder, is now included in DSM-5 under the rubric of substance-related and addictive disorders. In contrast, an ICD-11 proposal argues that pathological gambling continues t...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 4, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Personalizing the Treatment of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence for Predictors and Moderators of Treatment Outcomes
Abstract Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), delivered alone or with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI), is efficacious for treating pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but not all youth respond optimally. Research to understand for whom a given intervention is beneficial can inform efforts to personalize treatment or tailor it to specific youths to enhance outcomes. We review studies that examined potential predictors/moderators of response to CBT, medication, and multimodal treatment for pediatric OCD: demographics, disorder-specific characteristics, general illness characteristics, neurops...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - February 1, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Pharmacotherapy for Behavioral Addictions
This article reviews the double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacological studies in the field of behavioral addictions. Future work is needed to develop treatment algorithms for people struggling with these disorders. (Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports)
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - January 28, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Fear Conditioning in Borderline Personality Disorder
Abstract Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder causing significant, persistent disability, and with a high lifetime risk of suicide. The limited knowledge about the neurobiological underpinnings of BPD is a critical obstacle for the development of new, more effective treatments. There is high comorbidity and overlap in symptoms and neurobiological findings between BPD, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, a wealth of evidence suggests that there are abnormalities in fear processing and emotional learning in BPD. Given these findings, it is sur...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - January 19, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Recent Research and Clinical Implications
Abstract This review is focused on integrating recent research on emotion regulation and empathic functioning with specific relevance for agency, control, and decision-making in narcissistic personality disorder (NPD, conceptualized as self direction in DSM 5 Section III). The neuroscientific studies of emotion regulation and empathic capability can provide some significant information regarding the neurological/neuropsychological underpinnings to narcissistic personality functioning. Deficiencies in emotion processing, compromised empathic functioning, and motivation can influence narcissistic self-regul...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - January 19, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Neurobiology of Parenting: Basic Research
Abstract There has been a substantial amount of growth and progress in basic research on parental neurobiology over the past few years, and much of it has focused on applying basic concepts in parental neurobiology to expand the behavioral scope of parental studies and/or investigate pathological behavioral patterns. This review will focus on selected animal studies of parenting that have been published over the last 3–4 years and consists of five main topic areas that have received substantial attention during this period: neuroendocrinology, neuroanatomy, behavior, transgenerational/epigenetic, and p...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - January 16, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Structural and Functional Connectome and Prediction of Risk for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults
Abstract The human connectome refers to a comprehensive description of the brain’s structural and functional connections in terms of brain networks. As the field of brain connectomics has developed, data acquisition, subsequent processing and modeling, and ultimately the representation of the connectome have become better defined and integrated with network science approaches. In this way, the human connectome has provided a way to elucidate key features of not only the healthy brain but also diseased brains. The field has quickly evolved, offering insights into network disruptions that are characterist...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - October 29, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Neuropsychiatric Disorders Among Aging Women: Assessing Risk Factors and Tailoring Treatment
Abstract The older adult female population is fast growing, and sex differences exist for the majority of psychiatric and cognitive disorders affecting this group. Estradiol, with its variability during the reproductive years, particularly during the menopause transition, and its fall in the postmenopause, plays an important role in women’s risks for neuropsychiatric changes. This review aims to review the evidence related to aging in women and common issues faced, including mood, anxiety, psychotic, and cognitive disorders. Important considerations regarding management of these disorders in aging women...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - October 19, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

What Is Normal Cognitive Aging? Evidence from Task-Based Functional Neuroimaging
Abstract The idea that our cognitive abilities change with age has support from empirical research as well as from anecdotal reports. Cognition has many component processes, some of which are impaired by normal aging like attention and memory as a result of changes in perceptual systems or speed of processing. Other cognitive domains improve in functioning as aging continues such as wisdom and some kinds of decision making. Many years of research in the psychology of cognitive aging has described patterns of age-related changes in cognitive processes with older adults performing worse than younger adults ...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - October 16, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Aging
Abstract The growing number of individuals with cognitive impairment, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe impairment experienced in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, has become a pressing public health concern. Ethical issues related to cognitive impairment are salient in research and clinical contexts. Challenges related to the abilities of people with cognitive impairment to provide authentic informed consent or to participate in other safeguard practices meant to assure their rights and well-being are encountered in research and clinical settings. As prevention trials expand in at...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - October 14, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Novel Glutamatergic Treatments for Severe Mood Disorders
Abstract All currently approved antidepressant medications for major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder act primarily on the monoaminergic system and have varying affinities for serotonergic, norepinephrine-ergic, and/or dopaminergic receptors. Unfortunately, these drugs are only effective in approximately two thirds of patients. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and the glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. Here, we review the putative involvement of the glutamate receptor subtypes—N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA),...
Source: Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - October 9, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research