Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Introduction
(Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 9, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

The Effect of Thiazides on Bone Markers, Bone Mineral Density and Fractures
In conclusion, thiazides might play an interesting role in osteoporosis management, particularly in those patients affected by both hypertension and osteoporosis, but efficacy in reducing fractures and the safety of this treatment must still be evaluated by means of further randomized controlled clinical trials which have the reduction in fractures as primary outcomes. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 6, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

The Renin–Angiotensin System and Bone
Abstract The RAS (renin–angiotensin system) plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and cardiovascular and renal structure and function. There is evidence that in addition to the systemic RAS the components of the RAS are expressed in the local milieu of bone, where angiotensin II increases the osteoclastogenesis while inhibit the osteoblastic activity leading to a decrease in bone mineral density. Hypertension and osteoporosis are two common diseases that frequently coexist in the elderly population, and it has been hypothesized that the activation of the...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 25, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Exostoses of the Bony Pyramid of the Nose: A Review About an Adaptive Response to Mechanical Stimuli Exerted by In-Flight Oxygen Masks
Abstract This review addresses thickening of the bony pyramid of the nose, a condition that is caused by in-flight oxygen masks in otherwise healthy Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) F-16 pilots. The overlying skin may show temporary or permanent reddening, irritation, thickening and may become painful. Both in vitro and in vivo animal research has shown that mechanical stimuli are converted into a biochemical response through a process called mechanotransduction. Examination of the RNLAF F-16 pilots showed that the oxygen mask exerts pressure and friction on the nose. The biochemical response to...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 7, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

The Role of Estrogen Receptor in Bone Cells
Abstract Estrogen is an essential regulator of the skeleton homeostasis during both childhood and adulthood. As a matter of fact, estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators are considered essential treatment tools by clinicians to prevent bone fractures in postmenopausal women. All these observations promote a great interest in discovering the mechanisms by which estrogens protect bone. Over the past years, research performed from several groups has established that the osteoprotective effects of estrogens are due to both direct actions on bone cells and indirect effects mediated through ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 7, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Effect of Beta-Blockers on Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover Markers and Fractures: A Clinical Review
Abstract The increased sympathetic nervous activity causes bone loss, via an increase in osteoclastic bone resorption and a decrease in osteoblastic bone formation, suggesting an important regulating role for the SNS in bone metabolism. Such findings may indicate that pharmacological beta-blockade could be a target to increase bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. This review summarized the impact of beta-blockers on bone mineral density, bone turnover markers and fracture risk. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 30, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Bone Turnover Markers: A Clinical Review
Abstract The clinical applicability of bone turnover markers (BTMs) has been a reality in recent years with the accumulated experience on their performance in patients at risk of fracture and on the early prediction of the therapeutic response to anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs in osteoporosis. In addition, BTMs are also useful for analyzing the activity and the therapeutic response in other bone diseases, such as Paget’s disease of bone. The main sources of variability have been substantially reduced with the use of fully automated assays and the appropriate management of pre-analytical varia...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 29, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Chemokines and Bone
Abstract Chemokines comprise several subfamilies of small proteins with conserved cysteine residues and common structural features. Chemokines interact with signaling receptors to elicit effects on cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Both CXC and CC subfamily chemokines promote bone formation developmentally and in response to hormonal and mechanical stimuli. Effects on homing of progenitor cells may be involved in effects on osteoblastogenesis. CXC and CC chemokines are also implicated in processes leading to osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, with promotion of the migration of monon...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 18, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

The β-Adrenergic System and Bone Mineral Remodeling
Abstract Known bone functions include maintaining the homeostasis of the calcium–phosphate metabolism, repairing damage produced by daily exercise and maintaining the bone architecture according to mechanical requirements, meaning that bone remodeling is a true homeostatic function. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly changing through bone remodeling, which requires a lot of energy. The sympathetic nervous system contributes to bone remodeling and is one form of interaction between the skeleton and the brain, through leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, which uses this route to induce expressio...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 1, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Relationship Between Aldosterone and Parathyroid Hormone, and the Effect of Angiotensin and Aldosterone Inhibition on Bone Health
Abstract Emerging evidence suggests a stimulating effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). In primary hyperparathyroidism, chronic-elevated PTH levels seem to stimulate the RAAS which may explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition to increased PTH levels, low vitamin D levels may also directly increase risk of CVD, as vitamin D, itself, has been shown to inhibit the RAAS. Angiotensin II, aldosterone and cortisol all negatively impact bone health. Hyperaldosteronism is associated with a reversible secondary hyperparathyroidism ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 20, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Personal and Societal Burden of Osteoporotic Fractures
Abstract Osteoporosis is a common condition which mainly affects older individuals and is more common in women than in men. Rates vary significantly across the world with higher rates in Northern Europe, North America, and Australasia. There are also differences by country and sometimes on a more local level. This review describes the variation and explores how secular trends in fracture rates have changes over recent years and may alter in the future. Although overall rates tend to be increasing, due largely to an ageing population, age-specific rates appear to be declining in some areas. This has...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 4, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Impact of Obesity on Osteoporosis: Limitations of the Current Modalities of Assessing Osteoporosis in Obese Subjects
Abstract Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a predisposition to fractures due to low bone mass and poor bone quality. There are several risk factors that have been identified for osteoporosis. Until recently, obesity was thought to be protective for osteoporosis and associated with decreased fragility fracture risk; however, recent evidence challenges this assumption. This review will discuss the relationship between obesity and osteoporosis, as well as the utility of various bone imaging techniques when applied to obese populations. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 26, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Connecting the D.O.Ts
(Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 21, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Diabetes and Bone: Still a Lot to Learn
Abstract Both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoporosis are increasing worldwide. There is a large body of knowledge pointing to the association of these two diseases with a potential increased risk of falls and fractures in patients with diabetes. Whereas patients with type 1 diabetes have a low bone mineral density (BMD), those with T2DM tend to have a high BMD rendering the task difficult for clinicians to diagnose bone “weakness” and identify patients at higher risk of fractures. The duration and type of diabetes and glycemic control seem to affect fracture risk. Several underlying pathophy...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 20, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Cathepsins K and S: Role in Bone, Adipocytes, and Glucose Regulation
Abstract Cathepsins are a diverse group of proteases that are increasingly being recognized for their role in various disease states. The focus of this article is to review the data regarding the activity of cathepsin K and cathepsin S in adipocyte differentiation and function as well as glucose metabolism. Data from animal and human studies have shown up-regulation of cathepsin K expression in white adipose tissue of overweight/obese mice and humans. Cathepsin K appears to affect adipocyte differentiation as well as weight gain. Data from studies using cathepsin K blocking agents suggest that by blocking...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 17, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research