Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Introduction: Assessment of Skeletal Health—Beyond Bone Density
(Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 10, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Evaluation of Sarcopenia by DXA
Abstract There are four body composition phenotypes widely used to describe older adults: normal, sarcopenic, obese, and sarcopenic obese. In this paper, we will discuss how DXA can be used to quantify body composition and how DXA can identify patients with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 10, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Clinical Application of Spine Trabecular Bone Score (TBS)
Abstract Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a software program recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for post-acquisition processing of lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images that allows assessment of bone texture as a surrogate for bone microarchitecture. Low TBS values are associated with increased risk of major osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women and men aged 40 years and older independent of BMD. TBS data can be used to adjust FRAX probability of fracture. As such, TBS data can be useful in osteoporosis treatment initiation decisions. Following treatment in...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 8, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Sarcopenia and Osteoporotic Fractures
Abstract Low bone mass is strongly associated with increased fracture risk. However, the importance of low muscle mass and strength—known as sarcopenia—as a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures remains overlooked and sometimes controversial. Bone and muscle are closely interconnected not only anatomically, but also physically, chemically and metabolically. Indeed, a significant proportion of individuals with sarcopenia also suffer from osteopenia/osteoporosis suggesting a link between the two tissues. This subgroup of osteosarcopenic individuals are at higher risk of falls and fractures. Therefore, ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - January 22, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

FEA to Measure Bone Strength: A Review
Abstract Finite element analysis (FEA) based on CT datasets of the spine or hip or on high-resolution peripheral CT datasets of the distal forearm or tibia is now widely used in research and clinical trials to estimate bone strength. Its clinical potential has recently been endorsed by the International Society of Clinical Densitometry Zysset et al. (J Clin Densitom 18(3):359–92, 2015). In vitro validation studies demonstrated the superiority of FEA over DXA for the prediction of ultimate load. In vivo studies confirmed the superiority in the spine, but data were less conclusive in the hip and forearm. ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - January 11, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Utility of Vertebral Fracture Recognition in Osteoporosis
Abstract Vertebral fractures are important because they predict future fractures are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and because effective therapies exist to prevent them. However, only about 1/3 of vertebral fractures found on imaging are clinically recognized. Therefore, imaging is required for their detection. Yet spine imaging is usually not obtained in the course of management of patients with osteoporosis. Furthermore, even when radiographic images obtained for various clinical indications do include the spine views, vertebral fractures are often not recognized or not reported. In...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - January 7, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Clinical Vignettes: Using Non-BMD Measurements in Clinical Practice
Abstract Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a well-established clinical tool for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) in the assessment of patients at risk of fracture. DXA is commonly used to diagnose osteoporosis, assess fracture risk, and assess the skeletal effects of treatment. Non-BMD DXA measurements, such as vertebral fracture assessment, hip access length, and trabecular score, have clinical applications that can guide patient treatment decisions. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measures three-dimensional volumetric BMD that is correlated with fracture risk. QCT measurements of the ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - December 28, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Introduction for the special issue: Fracture healing and bone regeneration
(Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - November 26, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Toward Clinical Application and Molecular Understanding of the Mechanobiology of Bone Healing
This article reviews the basic biological and biomechanical stages of bone healing and then summarizes the phenomenological evidence of the mechanosensitivity of the healing process. We then turn our focus to more mechanistic studies. Noting that the puzzle of bone-healing mechanobiology is multi-scale—spanning from the scale of bone as an organ system down to subcellular components—we review these studies according to this hierarchy of length scales and thus highlight how little is known about cellular and subcellular mechanobiology during bone healing. Progress in filling this gap in knowledge, so as to develop a mor...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - October 20, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Cell-Laden 3D Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract Tissue engineering, relying on a combination of biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and bioactive molecules, has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of bone defects. The presence of viable cells inside the engineered tissue has been shown to be crucial for bone formation in vivo. However, cells require mechanical support and a physical template, or scaffold, to facilitate their attachment and to stimulate neotissue formation. The advent of additive manufacturing technologies, and most critically three-dimensional (3D) printing, has allowed the development of a new generation of sca...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - October 17, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Surgical Fixation Hardware for Regeneration of Long Bone Segmental Defects: Translating Large Animal Model and Human Experiences
Abstract Orthopedic fracture surgery has made significant advances in recent years, but large segmental bone defects remain a significant clinical problem. While surgical techniques have been developed or modified to address these issues, challenges remain. Further, to effectively address this issue, a suitable path from the benchtop to the clinic must be established. This is most commonly done using large animal models, which provide the opportunity to test different treatment options. This is certainly more complicated than it appears, as various anatomic and physiologic differences can produce complica...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 23, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Clinical Aspects of Fracture Healing: An Overview
Abstract The assessment, diagnosis, and management of fractures, particularly fractures that exhibit delayed healing, present considerable unique challenges to both patients and physicians. Fracture healing results from a complex series of biochemical events that may produce complete restoration of the anatomic and biochemical properties of the original osseous tissue. Fracture healing requires appropriate reduction, mechanical stability, and adequate vascularity to the fracture site; compromise of one of these elements may lead to delayed healing or nonunion. The patient’s history, physical examination...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 18, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Evolution of Bone Grafting: Bone Grafts and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Vascularized Bone Regeneration
Abstract The regeneration of bone in segmental defects has historically been a challenge in the orthopedic field. In particular, a lack of vascular supply often leads to nonunion and avascular necrosis. While the gold standard of clinical care remains the autograft, this approach is limited for large bone defects. Therefore, allograft bone is often required for defects of critical size though a high complication rate is directly attributable to their limited ability to revitalize, revascularize, and remodel resulting in necrosis and re-fracture. However, emerging insights into the mechanisms of bone heali...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 1, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Hypertension, Antihypertensive Drugs, and Bone Mineral Density
Abstract Hypertension and osteoporosis are often present concomitantly in older adults. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of hypertension on bone mineral density (BMD) and the effects of major classes of antihypertensive medications on BMD. The relationship between hypertension and BMD has been studied extensively, but remains highly controversial. Commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications, such as thiazides, beta-adrenergic blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers, have mechanisms of action th...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 20, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

Hypertension, Antihypertensive Drugs and the Risk of Fractures
Abstract Older adults have a higher prevalence of hypertension, and specifically systolic hypertension, than any other age group in the general population as the likelihood of developing hypertension during an average lifespan is high. Osteoporosis like hypertension is a chronic medical condition that can predispose the elderly to increased fracture risk. The relationship between hypertension, antihypertensive medications and osteoporosis-related fractures is complex as hypertension and the medications used to treat hypertension such as thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 12, 2015 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research