Molecules, Vol. 25, Pages 3596: Anticancer and Antiviral Properties of Cardiac Glycosides: A Review to Explore the Mechanism of Actions

Molecules, Vol. 25, Pages 3596: Anticancer and Antiviral Properties of Cardiac Glycosides: A Review to Explore the Mechanism of Actions Molecules doi: 10.3390/molecules25163596 Authors: Dhanasekhar Reddy Ranjith Kumavath Debmalya Barh Vasco Azevedo Preetam Ghosh Cardiac glycosides (CGs) have a long history of treating cardiac diseases. However, recent reports have suggested that CGs also possess anticancer and antiviral activities. The primary mechanism of action of these anticancer agents is by suppressing the Na+/k+-ATPase by decreasing the intracellular K+ and increasing the Na+ and Ca2+. Additionally, CGs were known to act as inhibitors of IL8 production, DNA topoisomerase I and II, anoikis prevention and suppression of several target genes responsible for the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, CGs were reported to be effective against several DNA and RNA viral species such as influenza, human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, coronavirus, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and Ebola virus. CGs were reported to suppress the HIV-1 gene expression, viral protein translation and alters viral pre-mRNA splicing to inhibit the viral replication. To date, four CGs (Anvirzel, UNBS1450, PBI05204 and digoxin) were in clinical trials for their anticancer activity. This review encapsulates the current knowledge about CGs as anticancer and antiviral drugs in isolation and in combination with some other drugs to enhance their efficiency. Further st...
Source: Molecules - Category: Chemistry Authors: Tags: Review Source Type: research