Applications of Strain ‐Specific Probiotics in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systemic Review

The consumption of red meat, sugary processed foods, and saturated fat alters the gut microbiota, and the bacterial alteration leads to an increase inEnterobacter species that release endotoxins in the blood. Choline and carnitine are substrates for trimethylamine (TMA) formation, which undergoes hepatic conversion to trimethylamineN-oxide (TMAO). The increase in TMAO level results in decreases in BAS and RCT activity while increasing the production of foam cells and inflammation in vessels by inducing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR), leading to thrombosis and atherosclerosis. AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of global mortality and novel approaches for prevention and management are needed. The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a diverse microbiota that is  crucial in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The formulation of effective probiotics, alone or in combination, has been under discussion due to their impact on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Probiotics have been shown to impact cardiovascular health positively. An imbalance in the presenc e ofFirmicutes andBacteroidetes has been linked to the progression of CVDs due to their impact on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. The probiotics primarily help in the reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein levels and attenuation of the proinflammatory markers. These beneficial microorganisms contribute to lowering cholesterol levels and produce essential short-chain fatty acids. The impact of lip...
Source: Molecular Nutrition and Food Research - Category: Food Science Authors: Tags: Review Source Type: research