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Total 109 results found since Jan 2013.

Detailed Description of the Anterior Cerebral Artery Anomalies Observed in a Cadaver Population.
Abstract Anomalies of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) include the median ACA (MedACA), bihemispheric ACA (BihemACA) and the azygos ACA. Knowledge of these anomalies can be crucial to clinicians and neurosurgeons, especially during surgeries involving the interhemispheric region and in the interpretation of the clinical signs of a stroke. Since few reports exist on the origin, area supplied, diameter and length of the ACA anomalies, the aim of this study is to give a detailed description on the anatomy of the ACA anomalies. The ACAs of 60 brains were injected with a colored silicone. When an anomaly was observed...
Source: Annals of Anatomy - May 25, 2016 Category: Anatomy Authors: Cilliers K, Page BJ Tags: Ann Anat Source Type: research

Novel insights into early neuroanatomical evolution in penguins from the oldest described penguin brain endocast.
Abstract Digital methodologies for rendering the gross morphology of the brain from X-ray computed tomography data have expanded our current understanding of the origin and evolution of avian neuroanatomy and provided new perspectives on the cognition and behavior of birds in deep time. However, fossil skulls germane to extracting digital endocasts from early stem members of extant avian lineages remain exceptionally rare. Data from early-diverging species of major avian subclades provide key information on ancestral morphologies in Aves and shifts in gross neuroanatomical structure that have occurred within those...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - February 24, 2016 Category: Anatomy Authors: Proffitt JV, Clarke JA, Scofield RP Tags: J Anat Source Type: research

Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Triptolide via the NF-κB signaling pathway in a rat MCAO model.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. PMID: 26575184 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Anatomical Record - November 17, 2015 Category: Anatomy Authors: Bai S, Hu Z, Yang Y, Yin Y, Li W, Wu L, Fang M Tags: Anat Rec (Hoboken) Source Type: research

Postnatal development of the molecular complex underlying astrocyte polarization
Abstract Astrocytes are highly polarised cells with processes that ensheath microvessels, cover the brain surface, and abut synapses. The endfoot membrane domains facing microvessels and pia are enriched with aquaporin-4 water channels (AQP4) and other members of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC). Several lines of evidence show that loss of astrocyte polarization, defined by the loss of proteins that are normally enriched in astrocyte endfeet, is a common denominator of several neurological diseases such as mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke. Little is known about the ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 26, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Sensory control of normal movement and of movement aided by neural prostheses.
This article provides a brief review of various theories, past and present, that address these questions. To what extent has the knowledge gained resulted in clinical applications? Muscles paralyzed as a result of spinal cord injury or stroke can be activated by electrical stimulation delivered by neuroprostheses. In practice, at most two or three sensors can be deployed on the human body, providing only a small fraction of the information supplied by the tens of thousands of sensory receptors in animals. Most of the neuroprostheses developed so far do not provide continuous feedback control. Instead, they switch from one ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 5, 2015 Category: Anatomy Authors: Prochazka A Tags: J Anat Source Type: research

Shared and distinct anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency revealed by lesion-symptom mapping in patients with ischemic stroke
Abstract Semantic and phonemic fluency tasks are frequently used to test executive functioning, speed and attention, and access to the mental lexicon. In semantic fluency tasks, subjects are required to generate words belonging to a category (e.g., animals) within a limited time window, whereas in phonemic fluency tasks subjects have to generate words starting with a given letter. Anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency are currently assumed to overlap in left frontal structures, reflecting shared executive processes, and to be distinct in left temporal and right frontal structures, reflecting invol...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - May 5, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Anosognosia for obvious visual field defects in stroke patients
Abstract Patients with anosognosia for visual field defect (AVFD) fail to recognize consciously their visual field defect. There is still unclarity whether specific neural correlates are associated with AVFD. We studied AVFD in 54 patients with acute stroke and a visual field defect. Nineteen percent of this unselected sample showed AVFD. By using modern voxelwise lesion-behaviour mapping techniques we found an association between AVFD and parts of the lingual gyrus, the cuneus as well as the posterior cingulate and corpus callosum. Damage to these regions appears to induce unawareness of visual field defects and...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 25, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Unusual origin of the left ophthalmic artery from the basilar trunk
We present a very unusual origin of the ophthalmic artery from the basilar trunk, in a 45-year-old male with a history of pontine hemorrhagic stroke. MRI and CTA showed evidence of previous hemorrhage in the pons and several intracranial arterial dysplastic dilatations. DSA confirmed several fusiform dilatations of the basilar trunk. In the left ICA, no ophthalmic artery was seen arising from the carotid siphon. The left ophthalmic artery arises from the basilar trunk and runs lateral to the cavernous sinus through the middle cranial fossa, entering the left orbit at the superior orbital fissure. The patient was treated co...
Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy - April 24, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Insular and caudate lesions release abnormal yawning in stroke patients
Abstract Abnormal yawning is an underappreciated phenomenon in patients with ischemic stroke. We aimed at identifying frequently affected core regions in the supratentorial brain of stroke patients with abnormal yawning and contributing to the anatomical network concept of yawning control. Ten patients with acute anterior circulation stroke and ≥3 yawns/15 min without obvious cause were analyzed. The NIH stroke scale (NIHSS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), symptom onset, period with abnormal yawning, blood oxygen saturation, glucose, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - February 26, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Voluntary exercise induces neurogenesis in the hypothalamus and ependymal lining of the third ventricle
Abstract In the adult hypothalamus and ependymal lining of the third ventricle, tanycytes function as multipotential progenitor cells that enable continuous neurogenesis, suggesting that tanycytes may be able to mediate the restoration of homeostatic function after stroke. Voluntary wheel running has been shown to alter neurochemistry and neuronal function and to increase neurogenesis in rodents. In the present study, we found that voluntary exercise improved the survival rate and energy balance of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Kpo). We also investigated the effect of exercise on the prolifer...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - January 29, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Acute neuroinflammation in a clinically relevant focal cortical ischemic stroke model in rat: longitudinal positron emission tomography and immunofluorescent tracking
Abstract Adequate estimation of neuroinflammatory processes following ischemic stroke is essential for better understanding of disease mechanisms, and for the development of treatment strategies. With the TSPO (18 kDa translocator protein) positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand [11C]PBR28, we monitored longitudinally the inflammatory response post-transient cerebral ischemia in rats, using a recently developed rat stroke model that produces isolated focal cortical infarcts with clinical relevance in size and pathophysiology. Six Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min transient endovascular occlus...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - January 20, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2-dependent changes in tight junctions after ischemic preconditioning contributes to tolerance induction after ischemic stroke
Abstract Less disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) after severe ischemic stroke is one of the beneficial outcomes of ischemic preconditioning (IP). However, the effect of IP on tight junctions (TJs), which regulate paracellular permeability of the BBB, is not well understood. In the present study, we examined IP-induced changes in TJs before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice, and the association between changes in TJs and tolerance to a subsequent insult. After IP, we found decreased levels of transmembrane TJ proteins occludin and claudin-5, and widened gaps of TJs with perivascu...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - January 1, 2015 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

The subpopulation of microglia expressing functional muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expands in stroke and Alzheimer’s disease
Abstract Microglia undergo a process of activation in pathology which is controlled by many factors including neurotransmitters. We found that a subpopulation (11 %) of freshly isolated adult microglia respond to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol with a Ca2+ increase and a subpopulation of similar size (16 %) was observed by FACS analysis using an antibody against the M3 receptor subtype. The carbachol-sensitive population increased in microglia/brain macrophages isolated from tissue of mouse models for stroke (60 %) and Alzheimer’s disease (25 %), but not for glioma and multiple sclero...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - December 18, 2014 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Relationship between side of hemiparesis and functional independence using activities of daily living index
Discussions This suggests that side of hemiparesis/weakness could be taken into consideration as a factor in functional independence assessment and further retraining of hemiparetic stroke survivors. Strong relationship exists between side of hemiparesis and functional independence in patients with stroke.
Source: Journal of the Anatomical Society of India - November 4, 2014 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

The clinical anatomy of the right ventricle
Because the systemic and pulmonary circulations are arranged in series, the right and left ventricles of the human heart have similar stroke volumes (with only minute beat‐to‐beat changes). Besides propelling the same volume of blood through the corresponding circulations, the two ventricles also share common structures such as the pericardium, the interventricular septum and the coronary arteries and veins—all of which complete the dynamic and integrated picture of the human heart. However, there are marked differences between the left and right ventricles as each is adapted to separate and dissimilar vascular beds,...
Source: Clinical Anatomy - November 1, 2014 Category: Anatomy Authors: Horia Muresian Tags: Original Communication Source Type: research