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Infectious Disease: Epidemics

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The search for a T cell line for testing novel antiviral strategies against HIV-1 isolates of diverse receptor tropism and subtype origin.
Abstract The world-wide HIV epidemic is characterized by increasing genetic diversity with multiple viral subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs). Antiretroviral drug design and basic virology studies have largely focused on HIV-1 subtype B. There have been few direct comparisons by subtype, perhaps due to the lack of uniform and standardized culture systems for the in vitro propagation of diverse HIV-1 subtypes. Although peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are major targets and reservoirs of HIV, PBMCs culturing is relatively difficult and not always reproducible....
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - March 31, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Herrera-Carrillo E, Paxton WA, Berkhout B Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: research

Basic ingredients for mathematical modeling of tumor growth in vitro: Cooperative effects and search for space
Publication date: 21 November 2013 Source:Journal of Theoretical Biology, Volume 337 Author(s): F.H.S. Costa , M. Campos , O.E. Aiéllo , M.A.A. da Silva Based on the literature data from HT-29 cell monolayers, we develop a model for its growth, analogous to an epidemic model, mixing local and global interactions. First, we propose and solve a deterministic equation for the progress of these colonies. Thus, we add a stochastic (local) interaction and simulate the evolution of an Eden-like aggregate by using dynamical Monte Carlo methods. The growth curves of both deterministic and stochastic models are in excellent agree...
Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology - November 10, 2014 Category: Biology Source Type: research

Forecasting influenza outbreak dynamics in Melbourne from Internet search query surveillance data
ConclusionsOptimal observation models were selected from hundreds of candidates using a novel approach that treats forecasts akin to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We show that the timing of the epidemic peak can be accurately predicted 4–6 weeks in advance, but that the magnitude of the epidemic peak and the overall burden are much harder to predict. We then discuss how the infection and observation models and the filtering process may be refined to improve forecast robustness, thereby improving the utility of these methods for healthcare decision support.
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - March 7, 2016 Category: Virology Authors: Robert Moss, Alexander Zarebski, Peter Dawson, James M. McCaw Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

The Zika virus epidemic: professionals and the public search for answers.
PMID: 27151254 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - May 5, 2016 Category: OBGYN Authors: Witkin SS Tags: BJOG Source Type: research

Nutrition transition and obesity among teenagers and young adults in South Asia.
Conclusions Overweight and obesity are common amongst teenagers/adolescents and young adults of the SA region. Several food types and habits were identified as being associated with overweight/obesity in this population. Identifying common protective and contributory factors is very important for the development of a shared regional preventive strategy. PMID: 27501783 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Diabetes Reviews - August 7, 2016 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gulati S, Jayawardena R Tags: Curr Diabetes Rev Source Type: research

Combating Opioid Overdose With Public Access to Naloxone
Purpose: Opioid overdose deaths have become an escalating epidemic in the United States. To combat this complex issue, naloxone distribution to the public has been initiated in many states as a harm reduction strategy. While supportive legislation develops and community programs expand, research- and policy-focused literature surrounding this timely topic require exploration, compilation, and analysis. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify trends in the current literature, gaps in the findings, nursing implications, and opportunities for further exploration. Methods: Following a systematic approach, the key...
Source: Journal of Addictions Nursing - July 1, 2016 Category: Addiction Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Dengue Baidu Search Index data can improve the prediction of local dengue epidemic: A case study in Guangzhou, China
ConclusionsOur study suggests that a DSBI combined with traditional disease surveillance and meteorological data can improve the dengue early warning system in Guangzhou.
Source: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases - March 5, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Zhihao Li Source Type: research

The Search for 'Evolution-Proof' Antibiotics.
Abstract The effectiveness of antibiotics has been widely compromised by the evolution of resistance among pathogenic bacteria. It would be restored by the development of antibiotics to which bacteria cannot evolve resistance. We first discuss two kinds of 'evolution-proof' antibiotic. The first comprises literally evolution-proof antibiotics to which bacteria cannot become resistant by mutation or horizontal gene transfer. The second category comprises agents to which resistance may arise, but so rarely that it does not become epidemic. The likelihood that resistance to a novel agent will spread is evaluated here...
Source: Trends in Microbiology - November 27, 2017 Category: Microbiology Authors: Bell G, MacLean C Tags: Trends Microbiol Source Type: research

The search for noninvasive methods to identify liver fibrosis in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Authors: Mandelia C, Kabbany MN, Conjeevaram Selvakumar PK, Alkhouri N Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the obesity epidemic. Recent studies have clearly shown that the stage of fibrosis in adults with NAFLD is the most important histological feature in long-term outcomes and the development of liver-related complications. Despite the paucity of data regarding the natural history of pediatric NAFLD, its progression to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation is well documented. Given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and adults, th...
Source: Future Medicine: Biomarkers in Medicine - March 10, 2018 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Biomark Med Source Type: research

AHA News: Amid 'Epidemic' of School Vaping, a Search for Solutions
Title: AHA News: Amid 'Epidemic' of School Vaping, a Search for SolutionsCategory: Health NewsCreated: 8/16/2019 12:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 8/19/2019 12:00:00 AM
Source: MedicineNet Kids Health General - August 19, 2019 Category: Pediatrics Source Type: news

Viruses, Vol. 12, Pages 182: In Search of Covariates of HIV-1 Subtype B Spread in the United States —A Cautionary Tale of Large-Scale Bayesian Phylogeography
Viruses, Vol. 12, Pages 182: In Search of Covariates of HIV-1 Subtype B Spread in the United States—A Cautionary Tale of Large-Scale Bayesian Phylogeography Viruses doi: 10.3390/v12020182 Authors: Samuel L. Hong Simon Dellicour Bram Vrancken Marc A. Suchard Michael T. Pyne David R. Hillyard Philippe Lemey Guy Baele Infections with HIV-1 group M subtype B viruses account for the majority of the HIV epidemic in the Western world. Phylogeographic studies have placed the introduction of subtype B in the United States in New York around 1970, where it grew into a major source of spread. Currently, it is ...
Source: Viruses - February 4, 2020 Category: Virology Authors: Samuel L. Hong Simon Dellicour Bram Vrancken Marc A. Suchard Michael T. Pyne David R. Hillyard Philippe Lemey Guy Baele Tags: Article Source Type: research

Uptake, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis offered after population HIV testing in rural Kenya and Uganda: 72-week interim analysis of observational data from the SEARCH study
This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01864603.FindingsBetween June 6, 2016, and June 23, 2017, 70 379 community residents 15 years or older who had not previously been diagnosed with HIV were tested during population-level HIV testing. Of these individuals, 69 121 tested HIV-negative, 12 935 of whom had elevated HIV risk (1353 [10%] serodifferent partnership, 6938 [54%] risk score, 4644 [36%] otherwise self-identified risk). 3489 (27%) initiated PrEP, 2865 (82%) of whom did so on the same day as HIV testing and 1733 (50%) of whom were men. PrEP uptake was lower among individuals aged 15–24 years (ad...
Source: The Lancet HIV - February 20, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Scaffold morphing of arbidol (umifenovir) in search of multi-targeting therapy halting the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 and other proteases involved in COVID-19.
Abstract The rapid emergence of a novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated from Wuhan, China, imposed a global health emergency. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor serves as an entry point for this deadly virus while the proteases like furin, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) are involved in the further processing and replication of SARS-CoV-2. The interaction of SP with ACE2 and these proteases results in the SARS-CoV-2 invasion and fast epidemic spread. The small molecular inhibitors are reported to limit the interaction of SP w...
Source: Virus Research - August 27, 2020 Category: Virology Authors: Choudhary S, Silakari O Tags: Virus Res Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 13, Pages 106: Systematic Search for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors for Drug Repurposing: Ethacrynic Acid as a Potential Drug
In this study we present systematic and integrative antiviral drug repurposing effort aimed at identifying, among the drugs already authorized for clinical use, some active inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The most important result of this analysis is the demonstration that ethacrynic acid, a powerful diuretic, is revealed to be an effective inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Even with all the necessary cautions, given the particular nature of this drug, these data can be the starting point for the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2.
Source: Viruses - January 13, 2021 Category: Virology Authors: Camilla Isgr ò Anna Maria Sardanelli Luigi Leonardo Palese Tags: Article Source Type: research

Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013–2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - February 19, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research