Gastrodin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Migration via the Notch-1 Signaling Pathway in Activated Microglia
AbstractMicroglia-mediated neuroinflammation is known to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases. Gastrodin, a phenolic glucoside, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in activated microglia challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); however, the underlying mechanism has remained obscure. The present study aimed to ascertain if Gastrodin would regulate the Notch signaling pathway involved in microglia activation. We show here that LPS increased the expression of various members of the Notch-1 pathway, including intracellular Notch receptor domain (NICD), recombining binding...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - June 9, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Contemporary RNA Therapeutics for Glioblastoma
AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and is universally lethal with a median survival of less than two years with standard therapy. RNA-based immunotherapies have significant potential to establish a durable treatment response for malignant brain tumors including GBM. RNA offers clear advantages over antigen-focused approaches but cannot often be directly administered due to biological instability. This review will focus on utilization of RNA dendritic cell vaccines and RNA nanoparticle therapies in the treatment of GBM. RNA-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines have been shown to be safe in...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - June 8, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Using Radiation Therapy to Prime and Propagate an Anti-tumor Immune Response Against Brain Tumors
AbstractImmunotherapies have demonstrated efficacy and survival benefits in some patients suffering from brain tumors; however, most do not respond and new approaches to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapeutic responses in the brain are needed. Radiotherapy remains a commonly used cancer treatment modality and can augment immunotherapeutic responses through multiple mechanisms. Recent preclinical studies may provide insight on how to optimally combine radiation and immunotherapies to maximize treatment efficacy. Unique aspects of the brain tumor microenvironment may play a critical role in limiting the successful application ...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - June 3, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Receptor-Interacting Protein 140 Enhanced Temozolomide-Induced Cellular Apoptosis Through Regulation of E2F1 in Human Glioma Cell Lines
This study helps improve our understanding of glioma recurrence and may facilitate the development of more effective treatments. (Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine)
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - June 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Activation of Neuropeptide Y2 Receptor Can Inhibit Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Brain Injury
AbstractCardiopulmonary arrest (CA) can greatly impact a patient ’s life, causing long-term disability and death. Although multi-faceted treatment strategies against CA have improved survival rates, the prognosis of CA remains poor. We previously reported asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) can cause excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in th e brain, which contributes to cerebral blood flow (CBF) derangements such as hypoperfusion and, consequently, neurological deficits. Here, we report excessive activation of the SNS can cause enhanced neuropeptide Y levels. In fact, mRNA and protein levels of neuro...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - May 21, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Long Noncoding RNA LINC01518 Modulates Proliferation and Migration in TGF- β1-Treated Human Tenon Capsule Fibroblast Cells Through the Regulation of hsa-miR-216b-5p
In this study, we investigated the expression and functions of long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) of LINC01518 in an in vitro model of TGF- β1-treated human Tenon capsule fibroblast (HTF) cells. qRT-PCR was used to examine LINC01518 expression in in situ human glaucoma tissues, and in vitro HTF cells treated with TGF-β1. Lentivirus-mediated LINC01518 knockdown was performed in HTF cells to investigate its effect on TGF-β1-induced cel l proliferation, migration and autophagy signaling pathway. The potential ceRNA candidate of LINC01518, hsa-miR-216b-5p, was probed by dual-luciferase assay and qRT-PCR. Hsa-miR-216b-5p was also...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - May 15, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Role of Exosomes in Mediating the Cross-Talk Between Adipose Tissue and the Brain
AbstractAdipose tissue is recognized as the largest endocrine organ by releasing secretory factors to exert systemic function on the brain. Exosomes are one type of extracellular vesicles that transport bioactive molecules between cells and organs. The cargo delivered by exosomes can alter a wide range of cellular responses in recipient cells and play an important pathophysiological role in human diseases. Emerging research showed that adipose tissue-released exosomes could be one of the mechanisms to mediate the function of the brain. Here, we review the modulatory function of adipose tissue-released exosomes in the brain...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - May 12, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Repurposing Vorinostat for the Treatment of Disorders Affecting Brain
AbstractBased on the findings in recent years, we summarize the therapeutic potential of vorinostat (VOR), the first approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in disorders of brain, and strategies to improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects. Scientific evidences provide a strong case for the therapeutic utility of VOR in various disorders affecting brain, including stroke, Alzheimer ’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy, epilepsy, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and neuropsychiatric dis...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - May 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Correction to: Specific Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Adults with Down Syndrome
A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-021-08657-z (Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine)
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - May 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Ubiquitination of p21 by E3 Ligase TRIM21 Promotes the Proliferation of Human Neuroblastoma Cells
AbstractNeuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, which shows great clinical and biomolecule heterogeneity. Currently, surgery is still the main method of neuroblastoma treatment and specific therapeutic drugs are lacking, so useful targets are urgently needed. TRIM21 is a RING-type E3 ligase that its overexpression promotes the progression of human glioma, while whose effects on neuroblastoma have not been illustrated. Firstly, the shRNAs targeting TRIM21 were designed and found that the ablation of TRIM21 inhibits the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells. Then the molecular mechan...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - April 26, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Meningeal Multipotent Cells: A Hidden Target for CNS Repair?
AbstractTraditionally, the primary role of the meninges is thought to be structural, i.e., to act as a surrounding membrane that contains and cushions the brain with cerebrospinal fluid. During development, the meninges is formed by both mesenchymal and neural crest cells. There is now emerging evidence that subsets of undifferentiated stem cells might persist in the adult meninges. In this mini-review, we survey representative studies of brain-meningeal interactions and discuss the hypothesis that the meninges are not just protective membranes, but instead contain multiplex stem cell subsets that may contribute to central...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - April 24, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: One Lactate to Rule Them All
AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis is a dynamic process involved in cognitive functions, like learning and memory. Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate and affect hippocampal neurogenesis. An exceptionally beneficial external factor is physical exercise due to the impact of the lactate accumulated during physical effort on neural plasticity. Lactate has recently emerged as one of the most interesting and potent factors in health and disease due to its involvement in the metabolism and signaling of most, if not all, of the cells in the CNS. Herein, we illustrate the effects induced by lactate on the differe...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - April 19, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Sex Differences in Glioblastoma Immunotherapy Response
AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor, remains difficult to treat and shares phenotypes, including an aberrant immune response, with other neurological disorders. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this pathological immune response remains a priority, particularly as standard of care for advanced cancers evolves to include immunotherapies, which have yet to show strong clinical efficacy in GBM. Epidemiological evidence supports a sex difference in GBM, with increased prevalence in males, and recent studies identified differences between males and females rangi...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - April 17, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
IL-2/IL-2R Antibody Complex Enhances Treg-Induced Neuroprotection by Dampening TNF- α Inflammation in an In Vitro Stroke Model
AbstractThe present in vitro study showed that IL-2/IL-2R antibody complex facilitates Treg-induced neuroprotection in the oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model of stroke. First, we examined the role of IL-2/IL-2R-treated Tregs in OGD/R-exposed rat primary cortical cells (PCCs), which represent the cell type of the ischemic gray matter in the stroke brain. Here, OGD/R induced cell death, which was attenuated by Tregs and more robustly by IL-2/IL-2R-treated Tregs, but not by IL-2/IL-2R treatment alone. Second, we next assessed IL-2/IL-2R effects in OGD/R-exposed human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - April 8, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Overexpression of microRNA-939-5p Contributes to Cell Proliferation and Associates Poor Prognosis in Glioma
In this study, we tried to detect the microRNA-939-5p (miR-939-5p) expression pattern and explore its prognostic significance in glioma. We performed the quantitative real-time PCR to examine the relative expression of miR-939-5p in glioma. The Kaplan –Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to reveal the prognostic importance of miR-939-5p. The influence of miR-939-5p on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was investigated by the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay, and Transwell assay. Besides, the target ge ne of miR-939-5p was provided by luciferase reporter assay. Our data substant...
Source: NeuroMolecular Medicine - March 30, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
