MicroRNA expression profiling of cerebrospinal fluid/serum exosomes in children with human herpesvirus 6-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy by high-throughput sequencing
AbstractPrimary human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection is sometimes accompanied by acute encephalopathy with reduced subcortical diffusion (AED) in immunocompetent children. We investigated exosomal microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of patients with HHV-6-associated AED (n = 5) and febrile seizure (FS) (n = 5) using high-throughput sequencing. A total of 176 and 663 miRNAs were identified in CSF and serum exosomes, respectively. Comparative analysis determined that some miRNAs (miR-381-3p, miR-155) were exclusively expressed in the CSF exosomes of AED but not of FS patients, ...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Exacerbation of diabetic neuropathy can mimic  SARS-CoV-2 associated pure dysautonomic Guillain–Barre syndrome
(Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Main lymphocyte subpopulations in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood in HIV-1 subtypes C and B
The objectives were to detect the differences in the proportions of main lymphocyte subpopulations in CSF and PB, between people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-1-uninfected volunteers (PWoH) and in HIV-1B and HIV-1C. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was studied in CSF and paired PB samples of PWH (n = 22) and PWoH (n = 14). Lymphocytes were analyzed within the CD45+ gated region. The proportions of CSF CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, and CD3−CD19+ lymphocytes in CSF were comparable in HIV-1B and C. There was an increase in the proportion of CD3+CD8+ cells and a decrease in CD3+CD4+ T cells (ps  = 0.016) in the CSF samples of the PWH...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 21, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat exerts its neurotoxic effects by downregulating Sonic hedgehog signaling
In this study, we employed a conditional, CNS specific, Tat transgenic murine model to investigate if HIV-Tat exerts its neurotoxic effects by downregulating Shh signaling. Results indicate that Tat + mice exhibit significantly reduced expression of Shh and Gli1 . HIV-Tat induced downregulation of Shh signaling correlated with disruption of BBB function and induced infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the brain tissue. Further, our in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that activation of Shh signaling can rescue detrimental effects of Tat on endoth elial function by inducing the expression of junctional protei...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 18, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Autonomic neuropathy as post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report
AbstractSymptoms of autonomic dysfunction, particularly those of orthostatic intolerance, continue to represent a major component of the currently recognized post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms can be involved in the development of orthostatic intolerance including hypovolemia due to gastrointestinal dysfunction, fatigue-associated deconditioning, and hyperadrenergic state due to pandemic-related anxiety. Additionally, there has been a well-established association of a common primary autonomic disorder like postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, a subtype of orthostatic i...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 18, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
HIV-1 and methamphetamine alter galectins -1, -3, and -9 in human monocyte-derived macrophages
In this study, we measured the effect of Meth on expression of intracellular and secreted galectins-1, -3, and -9 in HIV-1 infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) using SWATH-MS, which was further followed by MRM targeted mass spectrometry validation. Cells were exposed to Meth either prior to or after infection. Our results are the first to perform comprehensive quantifications of galectins in primary hMDM cells during HIV-1 infection and Meth exposure a building foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular pathology of hMDM resulting from viral infection and a drug of abuse —...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 17, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Correction to: Clinical profile of children with parechovirus meningitis in Singapore
(Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 16, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Cognitive screening in HTLV-1 –infected people using a self-perceived memory score and auditory P300
AbstractThe HTLV-1 –associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the most common neurological manifestation associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. Although cognitive impairment has been highlighted in the spectrum of HTLV-1 neurological manifestations, it may go unnoticed in those who do not spontaneously report it. We aimed at evaluating the applicability of a self-perceived memory score (SMS) and the cognitive event-related potential (P300) for early detection of cognitive impairment in HTLV-1–infected people. The SMS was measured by a 0–10 point num eric scale...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 15, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Higher buccal mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial common deletion number are associated with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in cerebrospinal fluid
We examined how mtDNA and mtCDM correlate with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in people with and without HIV (PWH and PWOH). Data from 149 adults were combined from two p rojects involving PWH (n = 124) and PWOH (n = 25). We measured buccal mtDNA and mtCDM by digital droplet PCR and compared them to disease and demographic characteristics and soluble biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood measured by immunoassay. Participants had a median age of 52 years, with 53% white and 81% men. Median mtD NA level was 1,332 copies/cell (IQR 1,201–1,493) and median mtCDM level was 0.36 copies ×â€...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 14, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Human microglial models to study HIV infection and neuropathogenesis: a literature overview and comparative analyses
AbstractHIV persistence in the CNS despite antiretroviral therapy may cause neurological disorders and poses a critical challenge for HIV cure. Understanding the pathobiology of HIV-infected microglia, the main viral CNS reservoir, is imperative. Here, we provide a comprehensive comparison of human microglial culture models: cultured primary microglia (pMG), microglial cell lines, monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi), stem cell –derived microglia (iPSC-MG), and microglia grown in 3D cerebral organoids (oMG) as potential model systems to advance HIV research on microglia. Functional characterization revealed phagocytic capab...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 9, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
CSF markers of AD-related pathology relate specifically to memory impairment in older people with HIV: a pilot study
AbstractGiven the co-occurrence of memory impairment in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment/Alzheimer ’s disease (aMCI/AD), biomarkers are needed that can disentangle these conditions among people with HIV (PWH). We assessed whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of AD could help in this effort by determining their relationship to learning and memory deficits versus cognitive deficits more char acteristic of HAND than aMCI/AD (processing speed and complex visual/motor coordination) among 31 older PWH. CSF amyloid-β42 phosphorylated-tau, amyloid- β40/amyloid- β42 and...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - February 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Correlations between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, neurocognitive tests, and resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG) in patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
AbstractHIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are highly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite successful treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HAND pathogenesis is complex and definitive surrogate biomarkers are not clearly defined. Brain function has been assessed through the evaluation of cortical source rhythms with delta waves associated with neurological impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between EEG cortical sources, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and neurocognitive tests in PLWH with HAND. PLWH with HAND without significant comorbidities ...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - January 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The impacts of HIV infection, age, and education on functional brain networks in adults with HIV
AbstractHIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain highly prevalent in people with HIV (PWH). Studies suggested that certain sociodemographic factors are associated with the risk of HAND in PWH. Here we investigated the impact of HIV infection and demographics on functional brain networks. One run of 8.5  min resting state functional MRI (fMRI) data was collected from 101 PWH (41–70 years old) and 40 demographically comparable controls. Functional connectivity (FC) was calculated using average wavelet coherence. The impact of demographic factors on FCs was investigated using canonical correlatio n analysis (...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - January 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy in a patient with Good ’s syndrome
We describe a case of an uncommon presentation of PML and peripheral neuropathy in a male who presented with blurred vision, cognitive change s, limb weakness, and numbness over a 4-month period due to GS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PML and peripheral neuropathy due to GS. This case aims to highlight that it is necessary to consider the possibility of PML due to GS in patients with thymoma and intracranial l esions, and we should focus not only on opportunistic infections of the central nervous system, such as PML, but also on peripheral neuropathy. (Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - January 17, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Monitoring of HTLV-1-associated diseases by proviral load quantification using multiplex real-time PCR
AbstractProviral load (PVL) is one of the determining factors for the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) infection. In the present study, we optimized a sensitive multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of HTLV-1 proviral load and beta-globin gene as endogenous control. The values obtained for HTLV-1 PVL were used to monitor the clinical evolution in HTLV-1-infected individuals. A vector containing cloned DNA targets of the real-time PCR for the beta-globin gene and the HTLV-1pol region was constructed. For the reaction validation, we co...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - January 13, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
