Endolysosome iron restricts Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation by increasing HIV-1 Tat oligomerization and β-catenin expression
AbstractHIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is required for HIV-1 replication, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV-1 Tat can enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis where it can reside in endolysosomes; upon its escape from these acidic organelles, HIV-1 Tat can enter the cytosol and nucleus where it activates the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Although it is known that HIV-1 replication is affected by the iron status of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), very little is known about how iron affects HIV-1 Tat activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Be...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - September 22, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
A unique case of Miller Fisher-Guillain-Barr é overlap syndrome in a liver transplant recipient
We describe an immunocompromised patient with a liver transplant who presented with ophthalmoplegia and bulbar deficits. His symptoms rapidly progressed to a state of descending paralysis involving the diaphragm; he then developed acute respiratory failure and eventually developed quadriparesis. Electromyography and a nerve conduction study demonstrated a severe sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy consistent with Miller Fisher variant Guillain-Barré syndrome. Despite several negative nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-1 9 polymerase chain reaction, a serology for SARS-CoV-2 IgG was positive. He was diagnosed with Miller Fisher...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - September 22, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
A case-based systematic review on the SARS-COVID-2-associated cerebrovascular diseases and the possible virus routes of entry
AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sparked a global pandemic that continues to affect various facets of human existence. Many sources reported virus-induced acute cerebrovascular disorders. Systematically, this paper reviews the case studies of COVID-19-related acute cerebrovascular diseases such as ischaemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral sinus thrombosis. We also spoke about how SARS-CoV-2 can infect the brain and trigger the aforementioned disorders. We stated that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and BBB dysfunction could cause the observed disorders; however, further research ...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - September 21, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Herpes simplex encephalitis in patients receiving chemotherapy and whole-brain radiation therapy
We report four patients diagnosed with HSE following chemotherapy and WBRT. The occurrence of HSE in patients with cancer seems not to be increased compared to the general population, but as our case series shows, a high level of suspicion is needed by the treating physician to diagnose HSE early in patients presenting with new neurological symptoms following WBRT. (Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - September 21, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Components of metabolic syndrome associated with lower neurocognitive performance in youth with perinatally acquired HIV and youth who are HIV-exposed uninfected
AbstractWe investigated the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components [abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides (TG), low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure (BP), and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG)] with neurocognitive impairment in youth with perinatally acquired HIV (YPHIV) or who are perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected (YPHEU). This was an observational study with a comparison group of 350 YPHIV and 68 YPHEU ages 10–19 years. Youth with MetS components measured between 1 year before and 3 months after a baseline neurocognitive assessment (Wechsler Intelligence Scale) were selected from t...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - September 15, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Covid-19 post-infectious acute transverse myelitis responsive to corticosteroid therapy: report of two clinical cases
AbstractSARS-COV-2 infection has affected millions of individuals with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including central and peripheral nervous systems through several mechanisms. A rare but potentially severe manifestation of this virus is transverse myelitis. Herein, we report on two patients who developed paraparesis, sensory deficit, and autonomic changes on the tenth day after infection by COVID-19. A 27-year-old man, previously healthy, had symptoms of COVID-19 confirmed by oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab tests. On the tenth day of symptoms, the patient started to experience acute paraparesis, urinary ...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 27, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Extensive longitudinal myelitis due to cytomegalovirus infection
AbstractNeurological cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections especially extensive longitudinal myelitis are extremely rare in immunocompetent adults. However, we hereby report a case of cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral myelitis caused by CMV infection in a healthy adult patient. The patient was treated properly and had a good outcome. The etiopathogenesis and the prognostic factors for this affection are not well established and are still being debated by authors. Further clinical data would contribute to a better understanding of this pathology in order to provide a better prognosis. (Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 27, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
A wide spectrum of neurological manifestations in pediatrics patients with the COVID-19 infection: a case series
We reported four pediatric patients with COVID-19 and different neurologic symptoms.Case 1 was a 16-year-old girl with a sensory and motor polyradiculopathy with RT-qPCR for COVID-19 and dengue both detected in CSF that improved after appropriate treatment.Case 2 was a 15-year-old boy with Guillain –Barre syndrome and had good response after using human immunoglobulin.Case 3 was a 5-year-old girl with acute intracranial hypertension that improved after going through lumbar puncture and using acetazolamide.Case 4 was a 2-month-old male infant with focal epileptic seizures that recovered after antiepileptic treatment. We h...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 26, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Longitudinal telomere length profile does not reflect HIV and childhood trauma impacts on cognitive function in South African women
This study examined relative telomere length (rTL) as a predictor of cognitive function in the context of HIV and childhood trauma (CT), a risk factor for HAND. Two hundred and eighty-six women completed a neurocognitive assessment battery and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire –Short Form (CTQ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for amplification of telomeric repeats and the reference gene human beta-globin was used to calculate rTL. Neurocognitive and rTL assessments were repeated at 1 year in 110 participants. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were assessed using linear and mixed models, respectively. Partic...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 26, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Long-term sequelae of herpes simplex virus encephalitis –related white matter injury: correlation of neuropsychological outcome and diffusion tensor imaging
In conclusion, this study demonstrates microstructural abnormalities involving several white matter tracts corresponding to neuropsychological deficits. (Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 16, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Does antiretroviral therapy alter the course of Parkinson ’s disease in people living with HIV?
AbstractSouth Africa has the world ’s largest antiretroviral programme which has resulted in an increase in life expectancy in persons living with HIV. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. No data has been published in this setting with regards to the interaction between PD and people infected wi th HIV. This was a retrospective study which matched two HIV non-infected PD patients to one HIV-infected patient with PD. Patients with secondary causes of Parkinsonism were excluded. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the charts. Hoehn and Yahr scale was used to as...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 5, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Viruses, SUMO, and immunity: the interplay between viruses and the host SUMOylation system
AbstractThe conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to substrates is a well-described post-translational modification that regulates protein activity, subcellular localization, and protein –protein interactions for a variety of downstream cellular activities. Several studies describe SUMOylation as an essential post-translational modification for successful viral infection across a broad range of viruses, including RNA and DNA viruses, both enveloped and un-enveloped. These viruses include but are not limited to herpes viruses, human immunodeficiency virus-1, and coronaviruses. In addition to the SUM...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 3, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) complicated by rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis presenting with neurovascular thrombosis: a case report and review of literature
This study strengthens the possible association between the occurrence of COVID-19 and invasive mucormycosis infection, providing new impetus for further investigations to substantiate this correlation. (Source: Journal of NeuroVirology)
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 3, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Risk factors for neurological complications in children with Flavivirus infection
This study aims to characterize the acute neurological manifestations caused by DENV, ZIKV, and YFV during hospitalization; identify the risk factors associated with persistent neurological complications after discharge; and evaluate the time to resolution during clinical follow-up. A prospective study evaluated 505 children, between March 2014 and July 2019, hospitalized with neurological manifestations and that doctors suspected infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Viral infection of collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Patients...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 3, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Chronic fatigue syndrome: an emerging sequela in COVID-19 survivors?
AbstractSARS-CoV-2 survivors may report persistent symptoms that resemble myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). We explored (a) ME/CFS-like symptom prevalence and (b) whether axonal, inflammatory, and/or lung changes may contribute to ME/CFS-like symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 survivors through clinical, neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, lung function assessment, and serum neurofilament light chain, an axonal damage biomarker. ME/CFS-like features were found in 27% of our sample. ME/CFS-like group showed worse sleep quality, fatigue, pain, depressive symptoms, subjective cognitive complaints, Borg baseli...
Source: Journal of NeuroVirology - August 2, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
