Innervation of human superficial fascia
The superficial fascia has only recently been recognized as a specific anatomical structure. Furthermore, whereas it is actually recognized that the innervation of the deep/muscular fascia plays a key role in proprioception and nociception, there are very few studies that have analyzed these characteristics in the superficial fascia. In this work, our group analyzed two different anatomical districts (abdomen and thigh), from volunteer patients, undergoing surgery procedures. Each sample was processed for histological analysis by Hematoxylin&Eosin, and by immunohistochemistry stainings (in 5-micron-paraffin embedded se...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 29, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Quantitative myelin-related maps from R1 and T2* ratio images using a single ME-MP2RAGE sequence in 7T MRI
Conclusions: In this study, we validated using a q-Ratio myelin-related map that was acquired in one imaging sequence at 7T MRI. In addition, we found a significant correlation between ROI volume size and the q-Ratio myelin-related value in the white matter but not in the gray matter. It is expected that this technique could be applied to the study of various neuropsychiatric diseases related to demyelination in the future. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Cortical and thalamic connections of the human globus pallidus: Implications for disorders of consciousness
We report the first in vivo evidence of highly probable “direct” GPe connections with prefrontal cortex (PFC) and central thalamic nuclei. Conversely, we find direct connections between the GPi and PFC to be sparse (i.e., less likely indicative of true “direct” connectivity) and restricted to the posterior border of PFC, thus reflecting an extension from the cortical motor zones (i.e., motor association areas). Consistent with GPi's preferential connections with sensorimotor cortices, the GPi appears to predominantly connect with the sensorimotor subregions of the thalamus. These findings are validated against exis...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Editorial: In the footsteps of the prosomeric model
(Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 23, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Front and center: Maturational dysregulation of frontal lobe functional neuroanatomic connections in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
In conclusion, a presumptive majority of childhood ADHD may result from maturational dysregulation of the frontal lobes with effects on the direct, indirect and/or, hyperdirect pathways. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 23, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Editorial: What does human pathology bring to the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of development?
(Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 23, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Contraction of axonal and dendritic fields in Sox5-deficient cone bipolar cells is accompanied by axonal sprouting and dendritic hyper-innervation of pedicles
Multiple factors regulate the differentiation of neuronal morphology during development, including interactions with afferents, targets, and homotypic neighbors, as well as cell-intrinsic transcriptional regulation. Retinal bipolar cells provide an exemplary model system for studying the control of these processes, as there are 15 transcriptionally and morphologically distinct types, each extending their dendritic and axonal arbors in respective strata within the synaptic layers of the retina. Here we have examined the role of the transcription factor Sox5 in the control of the morphological differentiation of one type of ...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 19, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Genetic tagging of the adenosine A2A receptor reveals its heterogeneous expression in brain regions
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), a G protein-coupled receptor, is involved in numerous and varied physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, immune responses, blood flow, and neurotransmission. Accordingly, it has become an important drug target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the exact brain distribution of A2AR in regions outside the striatum that display relatively low levels of endogenous A2AR expression has hampered the exploration of A2AR functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. To further study the detailed distribution of the A2AR in low-expr...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 18, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Profiles of Rho, Opn4, c-Fos, and Birc5 mRNA expression in Wistar rat retinas exposed to white or monochromatic light
This study investigated the mRNA expression profiles of these genes under exposure to white and monochromatic light (blue, red, green) in the retinas of albino rats under a cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. In each group, 32 Wistar rats were exposed to one type of monochromatic-LED or white-fluorescent light for 7 day (150 lx). Retinal samples were taken for qPCR analysis and light and electron microscopy. Blue and green light exposure markedly decreased expression of Rho and Opn4 mRNA and increased expression of Birc5 and c-Fos mRNA (P < 0.05). In retinas from the blue-light group, loss and vesiculation of p...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 18, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Glutamatergic pathways in the brains of turtles: A comparative perspective among reptiles, birds, and mammals
Glutamate acts as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a vital role in physiological and pathological neuronal functions. In mammals, glutamate can cause detrimental excitotoxic effects under anoxic conditions. In contrast, Trachemys scripta, a freshwater turtle, is one of the most anoxia-tolerant animals, being able to survive up to months without oxygen. Therefore, turtles have been investigated to assess the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective strategies used by them in anoxic conditions, such as maintaining low levels of glutamate, increasing adenosine and GABA, upregulating heat shock protei...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 17, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Stereotaxic atlas of the infant rat brain at postnatal days 7 –13
Recently, researchers have paid progressively more attention to the study of neural development in infant rats. However, due to the lack of complete intracerebral localization information, such as clear nuclear cluster boundaries, identified main brain structures, and reliable stereotaxic coordinates, it is difficult and restricted to apply technical neuroscience to infant rat’s brain. The present study was undertaken to refine the atlas of infant rats. As such, we established a stereotaxic atlas of the infant rat’s brain at postnatal days 7–13. Furthermore, dye calibration surgery was performed in P7–P13 infant ra...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Cytoarchitecture, intersubject variability, and 3D mapping of four new areas of the human anterior prefrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in cognitive control and executive functions, including working memory, attention, value encoding, decision making, monitoring, and controlling behavioral strategies. However, the relationships between this variety of functions and the underlying cortical areas, which specifically contribute to these functions, are not yet well-understood. Existing microstructural maps differ in the number, localization, and extent of areas of the DLPFC. Moreover, there is a considerable intersubject variability both in the sulcal pattern and in the microstructure of this region, ...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 11, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Editorial: Sex differences in the brain
(Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 10, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Neurogliaform cells mediate feedback inhibition in the medial entorhinal cortex
Layer I of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) contains converging axons from several brain areas and dendritic tufts originating from principal cells located in multiple layers. Moreover, specific GABAergic interneurons are also located in the area, but their inputs, outputs, and effect on local network events remain elusive. Neurogliaform cells are the most frequent and critically positioned inhibitory neurons in layer I. They are considered to conduct feed-forward inhibition via GABAA and GABAB receptors on pyramidal cells located in several cortical areas. Using optogenetic experiments, we showed that layer I neurogliaf...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 8, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Expression of Opsins of the Box Jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora Reveals the First Photopigment in Cnidarian Ocelli and Supports the Presence of Photoisomerases
Cubomedusae, or box jellyfish, have a complex visual system comprising 24 eyes of four types. Like other cnidarians, their photoreceptor cells are ciliary in morphology, and a range of different techniques together show that at least two of the eye types—the image-forming upper and lower lens eyes—express opsin as the photopigment. The photoreceptors of these two eye types express the same opsin (Tc LEO), which belongs to the cnidarian-specific clade cnidops. Interestingly, molecular work has found a high number of opsin genes in box jellyfish, especially in the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora, most of which ar...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 5, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
