Prenatal Low-Protein and Low-Calorie Diets Differentially Alter Arcuate Nucleus Morphology in Newborn Male Rats
ConclusionOur results show that a low-protein and low-calorie diet during the prenatal stage produces alterations in the ARC of the hypothalamus in newborn animals and, more importantly, that the effects of malnutrition are evident in males but not in females. Therefore, it is essential to follow a balanced diet during the early stages of life to ensure optimal development of the neural circuits that regulate eating. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 16, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Brain in Oral Clefting: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses
DiscussionThere may be structural brain differences between individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts and controls based on the available evidence. Improvement in study design, size, methodology and participant selection could allow a more thorough analysis and decrease study heterogeneity. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 10, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Deconvoluting the Complexity of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming a serious public health concern as the world’s population continues to age, demanding the discovery of more effective therapies. Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can result in oxidative stress (OS), which can be regarded as one of the common causes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the consequences of ROS NDs, while taking the four prevalent NDs as examples, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), to illustrate th...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 9, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Connectome and Chemo-Connectome Databases for Mice Brain Connection Analysis
The various brain functions rely on the intricate connection networks and certain molecular characteristics of neurons in the brain. However, the databases for the mouse brain connectome and chemo-connectome are still inadequate, hindering the brain circuital and functional analysis. Here, we created mice brain connectome and chemo-connectome databases based on mouse brain projection data of 295 non-overlapping brain areas and in situ hybridization (ISH) data of 50 representative neurotransmission-related genes from the Allen Brain Institute. Based on this connectome and chemo-connectome databases, functional connection pa...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 9, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Transduction of Systemically Administered Adeno-Associated Virus in the Colonic Enteric Nervous System and c-Kit Cells of Adult Mice
ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that in adult mice colon that there is a rostro-caudal decrease in the transduction of systemic delivery of AAV9 and its variants independent of sex. The characterization of AAV transduction in the proximal colon in cholinergic and nitrergic myenteric neurons along with a few ICC suggests implications in circuitries regulating motility. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Are the Anterior and Mid-Cingulate Cortices Distinct in Rodents?
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive control, emotional regulation, and motivation. In this Perspective article, we discuss the nomenclature of the subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), since the anatomical definitions of the PFC subregions have been confusing. Although the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have distinct features in humans and non-human primates, it is unclear whether these regions serve different functions in rodents. Accurate mapping of the cingulate cortex in rodents is important to allow comparisons between species. A proposed change in the no...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 2, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
A Structural Atlas of the Developing Zebrafish Telencephalon Based on Spatially-Restricted Transgene Expression
In this study, we characterize the neurochemistry, cycle state and morphology of an EGFP positive (+) cell population in the telencephalon of Et(gata2:EGFP)bi105 transgenic fish during eversion and up to 20dpf. We map the transgene insertion to the early-growth-response-gene-3 (egr3) locus and show that EGFP expression recapitulates endogenous egr3 expression throughout much of the pallial telencephalon. Using the gata2:EGFPbi105 transgene, in combination with other well-characterized transgenes and structural markers, we track the development of various cell populations in the zebrafish telencephalon as it undergoes the m...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Complex Neurochemical Microstructure of the Stria Terminalis in Infant and Adult Macaque Monkey
The stria terminalis (ST) is a major bidirectional fiber tract anchored in the amygdala and bed nucleus (BNST). Extensive investigations in rodents report a complex arrangement of neurochemically diverse neurons within the ST, but fewer data are available for non-human primates. Given the functional importance of the ST, we investigated its microarchitecture in one newborn, four infant, and two adult macaque brains, by parallel immunocytochemical series for cells or fibers. Main results are as follows: (1) The pan-neuronal marker NeuN shows scattered neurons and small neuronal clusters in both the dorsal and ventral ST, bu...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Integrated Behavioral, Genetic and Brain Circuit Visualization Methods to Unravel Functional Anatomy of Zebrafish Amygdala
The mammalian amygdala is a complex forebrain structure consisting of a heterogeneous group of nuclei derived from the pallial and subpallial telencephalon. It plays a critical role in a broad range of behaviors such as emotion, cognition, and social behavior; within the amygdala each nucleus has a distinct role in these behavioral processes. Topological, hodological, molecular, and functional studies suggest the presence of an amygdala-like structure in the zebrafish brain. It has been suggested that the pallial amygdala homolog corresponds to the medial zone of the dorsal telencephalon (Dm) and the subpallial amygdala ho...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Mesoscopic Connectome of the Cholinergic Pontomesencephalic Tegmentum
The pontomesencephalic tegmentum, comprising the pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, is involved in various functions via complex connections; however, the organizational structure of these circuits in the whole brain is not entirely clear. Here, combining viral tracing with fluorescent micro-optical sectional tomography, we comprehensively investigated the input and output circuits of two cholinergic subregions in a continuous whole-brain dataset. We found that these nuclei receive abundant input with similar spatial distributions but with different quantitative measures and acquire similar neurom...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 17, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Distinct Subdivisions in the Transition Between Telencephalon and Hypothalamus Produce Otp and Sim1 Cells for the Extended Amygdala in Sauropsids
Based on the coexpression of the transcription factors Foxg1 and Otp, we recently identified in the mouse a new radial embryonic division named the telencephalon-opto-hypothalamic (TOH) domain that produces the vast majority of glutamatergic neurons found in the medial extended amygdala. To know whether a similar division exists in other amniotes, we carried out double labeling of Foxg1 and Otp in embryonic brain sections of two species of sauropsids, the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), and the long-tailed lacertid lizard (Psammodromus algirus). Since in mice Otp overlaps with the transcription factor Sim1, we...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Prosomeric Hypothalamic Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Positive Cells in Adolescent Rats
In this study, we offered a prosomeric immunohistochemical mapping in the rat of hypothalamic cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA) and a precursor of dopamine. This mapping was also combined with markers for diverse hypothalamic nuclei [agouti-related peptide (Agrp), arginine vasopressin (Avp), cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cart), corticotropin releasing Hormone (Crh), melanin concentrating hormone (Mch), neuropeptide Y (Npy), oxytocin/neurophysin I (Oxt), proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), somatostatin (Sst), tyrosine hidr...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Anatomical and Functional Differences in the Sex-Shared Neurons of the Nematode C. elegans
Studies on sexual dimorphism in the structure and function of the nervous system have been pivotal to understanding sex differences in behavior. Such studies, especially on invertebrates, have shown the importance of neurons specific to one sex (sex-specific neurons) in shaping sexually dimorphic neural circuits. Nevertheless, recent studies using the nematode C. elegans have revealed that the common neurons that exist in both sexes (sex-shared neurons) also play significant roles in generating sex differences in the structure and function of neural circuits. Here, we review the anatomical and functional differences in the...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - May 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Cytoarchitecture of the Tectal-Related Pallium of Squirrelfish, Holocentrus sp.
The squirrelfish, which live in visually complex coral reefs, have very large eyes and a special dual-system “day and night vision” retina. They also have atypical expansions of brain areas involved in processing visual information. The midbrain tectum sends information via diencephalic relay to two enlarged dorsal telencephalic regions. The latter include a superficial dorsal/lateral “cortex-like area” of small to medium-sized cells [area dorsalis telencephali, pars lateralis-dorsal region (dorsal segment); Dld1] which projects to an underlying dorsocentral region of relatively large cells (the area dorsalis telen...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - April 28, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Single-Neuron Labeling in Fixed Tissue and Targeted Volume Electron Microscopy
The structural complexity of nervous tissue makes it very difficult to unravel the connectivity between neural elements at different scales. Numerous methods are available to trace long-range projections at the light microscopic level, and to identify the actual synaptic connections at the electron microscopic level. However, correlating mesoscopic and nanoscopic scales in the same cell, cell population or brain region is a problematic, laborious and technically demanding task. Here we present an effective method for the 3D reconstruction of labeled subcellular structures at the ultrastructural level, after single-neuron l...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - April 21, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
