The nuclei of the lateral lemniscus: unexpected players in the descending auditory pathway
DiscussionOur novel findings have strong implications for understanding acoustic information processing in the initial stages of the auditory pathway. Based on the proportion of lemniscal neurons involved in all the projections described, the NLL should be considered major players in the descending auditory pathway. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 9, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Early cellular and synaptic changes in dopaminoceptive forebrain regions of juvenile mice following gestational exposure to valproate
Gestational exposure of mice to valproic acid (VPA) is one currently used experimental model for the investigation of typical failure symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the present study we hypothesized that the reduction of dopaminergic source neurons of the VTA, followed by perturbed growth of the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway (MT), should also modify pattern formation in the dopaminoceptive target regions (particularly its mesoaccumbens/mesolimbic portion). Here, we investigated VPA-evoked cellular morphological (apoptosis-frequency detected by Caspase-3, abundance of Ca-binding proteins, C...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 3, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
CRISPR/Cas9-based QF2 knock-in at the tyrosine hydroxylase (th) locus reveals novel th-expressing neuron populations in the zebrafish mid- and hindbrain
Catecholaminergic neuron clusters are among the most conserved neuromodulatory systems in vertebrates, yet some clusters show significant evolutionary dynamics. Because of their disease relevance, special attention has been paid to mammalian midbrain dopaminergic systems, which have important functions in motor control, reward, motivation, and cognitive function. In contrast, midbrain dopaminergic neurons in teleosts were thought to be lost secondarily. Here, we generated a CRISPR/Cas9-based knock-in transgene at the th locus, which allows the expression of the Q-system transcription factor QF2 linked to the Tyrosine hydro...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - August 2, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Reduced cingulate gyrus volume in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with syringomyelia and neuropathic pain revealed by voxel-based morphometry: a pilot study
ConclusionGM atrophy in the CG is associated with chronic pain and thus may serve as an objective readout parameter for the diagnosis or treatment of canine pain syndromes. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - July 17, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Editorial: Glial heterogeneity: impact on neuronal function and dysfunction
(Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - July 13, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Sympathetic components in left and right human cervical vagus nerve: implications for vagus nerve stimulation
Cervical vagus nerve stimulation is in a great variety of clinical situations indicated as a form of treatment. It is textbook knowledge that at the cervical level the vagus nerve contains many different fiber classes. Yet, recently, several reports have shown that this nerve also may contain an additional class of potentially noradrenergic fibers, suggested to denote efferent sympathetic fibers. As such, the nature and presence of these fibers should be considered when choosing a stimulation protocol. We have studied human vagus material extracted from dissection room cadavers in order to further confirm the presence of t...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Editorial: Molecular and cellular logic of cerebral cortex development, evolution, and disease
(Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - July 7, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Machine learning-based segmentation of the rodent hippocampal CA2 area from Nissl-stained sections
The hippocampus is a center of learning, memory, and spatial navigation. This region is divided into the CA1, CA2, and CA3 areas, which are anatomically different from each other. Among these divisions, the CA2 area is unique in terms of functional relevance to sociality. The CA2 area is often manually detected based on the size, shape, and density of neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer, but this manual segmentation relying on cytoarchitecture is impractical to apply to a large number of samples and dependent on experimenters’ proficiency. Moreover, the CA2 area has been defined based on expression pattern of...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 28, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Cortical type: a conceptual tool for meaningful biological interpretation of high-throughput gene expression data in the human cerebral cortex
The interpretation of massive high-throughput gene expression data requires computational and biological analyses to identify statistically and biologically significant differences, respectively. There are abundant sources that describe computational tools for statistical analysis of massive gene expression data but few address data analysis for biological significance. In the present article we exemplify the importance of selecting the proper biological context in the human brain for gene expression data analysis and interpretation. For this purpose, we use cortical type as conceptual tool to make predictions about gene e...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 22, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Deconvoluting human Brodmann area 8 based on its unique structural and functional connectivity
Brodmann area 8 (BA8) is traditionally defined as the prefrontal region of the human cerebrum just anterior to the premotor cortices and enveloping most of the superior frontal gyrus. Early studies have suggested the frontal eye fields are situated at its most caudal aspect, causing many to consider BA8 as primarily an ocular center which controls contralateral gaze and attention. However, years of refinement in cytoarchitectural studies have challenged this traditional anatomical definition, providing a refined definition of its boundaries with neighboring cortical areas and the presence of meaningful subdivisions. Furthe...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 22, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Fixation and staining methods for macroscopical investigation of the brain
The proper preservation of human brain tissue is an indispensable requirement for post-mortem investigations. Neuroanatomical teaching, neuropathological examination, neurosurgical training, basic and clinical neuroscientific research are some of the possible downstream applications of brain specimens and, although much apart from one another, proper tissue fixation and preservation is a common denominator to all of them. In this review, the most relevant procedures to fixate brain tissue are described. In situ and immersion fixation approaches have been so far the most widespread ways to deliver the fixatives inside the s...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 22, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of dorsal root ganglion: an overview
The somatosensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are responsible to detect peripheral physical and noxious stimuli, and then transmit these inputs into the central nervous system. DRG neurons are composed of various subpopulations, which are suggested to respond to different stimuli, such as mechanical, thermal, and cold perception. For a long time, DRG neurons were classified based on anatomical criteria. Recently, single-cell (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) has advanced our understanding of the composition and functional heterogeneity of both human and rodent DRG neurons at single-cel...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 19, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
White matter changes in fetal brains with ventriculomegaly
IntroductionVentriculomegaly (VM) is a fetal brain malformation which may present independently (isolated form) or in association with different cerebral malformations, genetic syndromes or other pathologies (non-isolated form).MethodsThis paper aims to study the effect of ventriculomegaly on the internal tridimensional architecture of fetal brains by way of Klingler's dissection. Ventriculomegaly was diagnosed using fetal ultrasonography during pregnancy and subsequently confirmed by necropsy. Taking into consideration the diameter of the lateral ventricle (measured at the level of the atrium), the brains were divided int...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 14, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Mapping of Notch signaling in the developing organ of Corti in common marmosets
DiscussionThis improved knowledge of Notch signaling during primate cochlear development will facilitate the development of future regenerative therapies. (Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy)
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 7, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Axonal mapping of the motor cranial nerves
Basic behaviors, such as swallowing, speech, and emotional expressions are the result of a highly coordinated interplay between multiple muscles of the head. Control mechanisms of such highly tuned movements remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the neural components responsible for motor control of the facial, masticatory, and tongue muscles in humans using specific molecular markers (ChAT, MBP, NF, TH). Our findings showed that a higher number of motor axonal population is responsible for facial expressions and tongue movements, compared to muscles in the upper extremity. Sensory axons appear to be responsible ...
Source: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy - June 2, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
