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Correction to: Hand Eczema: Treatment Options
AbstractUnfortunately, the original publication of this article contained mistakes. The publisher introduced an error after proofreading where all occurrences of “topical corticosteroids” were typographically written as “topical corticost-effectivenesseroid”. (Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - December 19, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Hand Eczema: Treatment Options
AbstractPurpose of reviewHand eczema is a common disease, it affects young people, is often work-related, and the burden of the disease is significant for the individual as well as for society. Factors to be considered when choosing a treatment strategy are, among others, whether the eczema is acute or chronic, the severity of the disease, and the specific sub-diagnosis of hand eczema, which relates to the etiology as well as the morphology of the disease. Optimal treatment is still a challenge. This review seeks to provide an overview of the most updated treatment of hand eczema.Recent findingsTreatment options comprise p...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - November 17, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Management of Inducible Urticarias
AbstractPurpose of review This review aims to update the information and latest advances in chronic inducible urticarias.Recent findings In contrast to chronic spontaneous/idiopathic uriticarias, chronic inducible urticarias are associated with a specific trigger and factor. One must accurately identify and characterize the specific trigger for distinguishing chronic spontaneous/idiopathic uriticaria and chronic inducible urticarias. The latter are diagnosed based on patient history and results of provocation testing which contribute to confirm the exact diagnosis, assess the threshold, and determine the severity of the di...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - November 9, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Biomarkers to Diagnose, Assess and Treat Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Not T here Yet
Opinion statementPurpose of Review Biomarkers to identify patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), to grade clinical severity of CSU, and to guide therapy selection in patients with CSU have not yet been validated in any large CSU patient population. As such, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of any particular biomarker. This review will summarize ongoing research in the field of biomarker development and how it could 1  day benefit diagnosis, severity grading, and treatment decisions in CSU.Recent Findings Second-generation antihistamines are the accepted first-line therapy in the treatmen...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 23, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Role of Biologics and Future Perspectives in the Treatment of Urticaria
AbstractPurpose of review The management of chronic urticaria has substantially changed with the introduction of omalizumab to the treatment. Omalizumab did not only provide marked improvement in the treatment of the disease but also opened new horizons for the understanding of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis. But because of its requirement of hospital visits, cost, and only providing symptomatic relief, novel therapeutic targets are needed. Anti-IgE has gained a special interest given the high efficacy of omalizumab.Recent findings New anti-IgE modalities include quilizumab, ligelizumab (QGE031), IgE-R419NFc3-4,...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - September 23, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Evidence Gaps in Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy
AbstractPurpose of reviewPurpose of review IgE-mediated food allergy (FA) is a potentially life-threatening condition with negative impact on the quality of life of patients and their family. It has been emerging as a public health priority in westernized countries in the recent two decades. The current standard approach to FA consists of the strict avoidance of the triggering food and keeping rescue medication readily available in the event an allergic reaction occurs. However, an elimination diet may be difficult and frustrating, above all for those foods (e.g., milk and egg) that are pivotal in the common diet.Recent fi...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - September 22, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Histopathology of Urticaria
Opinion statementPurpose of reviewUrticaria is a common skin manifestation with many different causes. It is characterized by local or generalized edematous erythema with itching and increased blood flow and vascular permeability. Individual urticaria lesions typically last less than 24  h (usually less than 12 h), but new lesions may appear and resolve sporadically. Since the diagnosis is usually made based on the history and clinical appearance of the lesions, skin biopsy is not necessarily performed, but it is recommended for evaluating patients with refractory eruptions or su spicion of other diseases exhibiting urti...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - September 8, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Eosinophilic Oesophagitis in Children: Disease Modulation by Topical Steroids
AbstractPurpose of reviewEosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and effective treatment for paediatric EoE is still evolving. There is no consensual standard therapy for adults or children, as evolving concepts still need to be properly validated and there has been continuous update from published trials. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about inflammatory background and corticosteroid therapy in paediatric eosinophilic oesophagitis.Recent findingsThere are some effective therapies in EoE treatment, and currently, the use of PPI may be considered as the first-line treatment, as a sub-...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 11, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Management of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES): Current Approach and Future Needs
Opinion StatementFood protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE, cell-mediated food allergic gastrointestinal disorder triggered by ingestion of food proteins (cow milk, soy, rice, oat, egg, and others). The acute FPIES begins approximately 1 –4 h after food ingestion with profuse, repetitive emesis that is accompanied by lethargy and pallor and may be followed later by diarrhea; 15% will require hospitalization because of hypotension and hemodynamic instability due to severe dehydration. A chronic FPIES is less frequent and develops from few days to 4 weeks after the offending food has been introduce...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 9, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Safety and Efficacy Balance of Baked Milk and Egg Oral Immunotherapy
Opinion statementPurpose of review There is a subgroup of individuals with egg or cow ’s milk (CM) allergy that can tolerate heated egg or CM. Thermal processing has been shown to affect antigen allergenicity either directly by denaturation of significant epitopes, or indirectly by synergistically altering their susceptibility to the digestion process under specific pH conditions. CM and egg proteins have heat labile molecules that become hypoallergenic after thermal treatment. The allergenicity may be further reduced when the CM and egg allergens are interacting with wheat proteins, and in particular gluten, in an inter...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 8, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Atopic Dermatitis: Early Treatment in Children
Opinion StatementTherapeutic regimens for the treatment and long-term management of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) have a twofold objective of decreasing skin inflammation and repairing the defective skin barrier. Essential treatments for AD in children should include topical moisturizers for skin hydration and prevention of flares, topical anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitor), allergen/irritant avoidance, and treatment of skin infections. Treatment regimens should be severity-based and implemented in a stepwise approach tailored to the individual patient. This stepwise appr...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 1, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Vocal Cord Dysfunction and Asthma
Opinion StatementVocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a functional disorder of the vocal cords characterized by exaggerated adduction of vocal cords during inspiration and/or expiration causing respiratory and laryngeal symptoms. VCD can exist in isolation and coexist with asthma, or it can mimic asthma. The missteps during the VCD and asthma diagnostic process and subsequent faulty clinical conclusions can lead to mistreatment and increased health care utilization that can last for years. Therefore, diagnostic precision in conjunction with optimal therapeutics is a prerequisite for the best patient outcomes in this patient pop...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - July 24, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

NSAIDs-Induced Anaphylaxis
Opinion StatementDrugs are between the main triggers of anaphylaxis. They have been described as major cause of fatal anaphylaxis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most frequently prescribed drugs around the world because of their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antithrombotic effects. This class of drug is the first or the second after antibiotics as the cause of drug hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis. However, frequency of NSAIDs as the drug implicated in anaphylactic reactions is too variable among different countries. We believe there are discrepancies between geneti...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - July 24, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Multiple Drug Allergy
Opinion statementThe tendency to develop multiple drug hypersensitivity (MDH), defined as a hypersensitivity to two or more structurally unrelated drugs, occurs in up to 10% of people who have a severe and proven immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity reaction (DHR). There are two subtypes of MDH: in the first type, MDH develops if different drugs are administered simultaneously; in the second, MDH develops if different drugs are administered sequentially, sometimes years apart. MDH presents clinically as immediate and/or non-immediate reactions. The main drugs responsible for MDH are antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflamm...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - July 20, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Idiopathic Anaphylaxis
Opinion statementIdiopathic anaphylaxis is a rare life-threatening disorder with symptoms similar to other forms of anaphylaxis. There is lack of a robust evidence base underpinning the treatment of anaphylaxis and even less so for idiopathic anaphylaxis. Much of the evidence therefore comes from relatively small case series and expert opinion. Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring a thorough history and careful diagnostic work-up investigating possible triggers and underlying predisposing factors. Key diagnostic tests include skin-prick testing, tests for specific-IgE, component-resolved diagnostic...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - June 3, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research