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Diagnosis and Management of Shellfish Allergy: Current Approach and Future Needs
AbstractPurpose of reviewShellfish allergy is an increasing health concern worldwide with over 2% of the population affected and higher rates in countries with high consumption. Shellfish includes both crustaceans and mollusks and constitutes one of the major food groups triggering allergic reactions.Recent findingsShrimp is the best-studied crustacean, in which the major shellfish allergen, tropomyosin, was initially characterized. Nevertheless, several other allergens have been identified and should be considered despite prevalence of sensitization being lower than tropomyosin (e.g., arginine kinase, myosin light chain, ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 29, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Induction of Tolerance Through Early Weaning and Oral Immunotherapy
AbstractPurpose of reviewThe increase in IgE-mediated food allergy in the world with prevalence of egg, milk, peanut, and wheat allergies presenting and coexisting as multiple food allergies in young children.Recent findingsEarlier initiation in weaning and timing of exposure of specific food allergens to an atopic infant appears to affect the trajectory and progression of acquiring tolerance in these children for specific foods. In this review, the allergen-specific strategies for increasing tolerance (desensitization) and hastening the resolution of food allergy (SU) are reviewed for treatment of food allergy.SummaryPhen...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 29, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

House Dust Mite Tablets Now Officially Accepted as Treatment in GINA: What Is the Evidence and What ’s Next?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review analyzes the growing evidence regarding the standardized quality house dust mite (SQ-HDM) sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablets as a valuable therapeutic option in asthma, as recently included in the treatment algorithm of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) as an add-on treatment for adult patients with allergic asthma not well controlled with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).Recent FindingsEvidence from well-designed randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials shows that the SQ-HDM SLIT tablet is effective vs. placebo in reducing both asthma symptoms and the need for ICS, as well...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 29, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Nemolizumab and Atopic Dermatitis: the Interaction Between Interleukin-31 and Interleukin-31 Receptor as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Pruritus in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic eczematous skin disease associated with intense pruritus and skin barrier dysfunction. Interleukin-31 (IL-31), which is preferentially produced by T helper 2 (Th2) cells, has attracted attention as a pruritogen in patients with AD. To understand the mechanism of action, production, and roles of IL-31, we reviewed recent advances of the knowledge of IL-31, its receptor as well as results of recent clinical trials targeting IL-31/IL-31R signaling for pruritus in patients with AD.Recent FindingsActivation of many cytokine pathways has been reported in AD, suggesting...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 24, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Review and Perspectives of the Recent International Guidelines on Treatment of Chronic Urticaria
AbstractPurpose of reviewManagement of urticaria can be challenging, and various guidelines have been published by national and international societies. The most recent set of international guidelines, the EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline, seeks to define and classify urticaria as well as recommend diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in common subtypes of urticaria. This review aims to summarize treatment recommendations and provide additional perspectives on these recommendations.Recent findingsThe EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline recommends a four-step approach to treatment of chronic urticaria: (1) second-generation antih...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 17, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Specialty Infant Formulas for Milk Allergy: Current Choices and Unmet Needs
AbstractPurpose of ReviewLiterature on the different options for the management of cow ’s milk allergy (CMA) was reviewed. Literature was searched using databases to find original papers and reviews on this topic.Recent FindingsAmino acid based infant formula (AAF) is the most effective dietary treatment of CMA. However, because of the high cost, guidelines recommend extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) with a clinical proof of efficacy as the first choice option. In many parts of the world, rice hydrolysates are an alternative option. Soy infant formula can sometimes still be considered, in the absence of more suitable ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 8, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Scope and Efficacy of Preventive Measures in Contact Dermatitis
AbstractPurpose of reviewTo describe the scope and review the efficacy of interventions to prevent contact dermatitis.Recent findingsUniversal measures to prevent contact dermatitis start at the population level with legislation regulating exposure to skin irritants and sensitizers. Primary measures include health education on skin care and protection, use of moisturisers and proper use of protective gloves. The overall epidemiological evidence regarding the efficacy of such preventive measures varies from low to moderate. Secondary prevention comprises the application of specific diagnostic procedures and early interventi...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 5, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Role of TF-Triggered Activation of the Coagulation Cascade in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo overview recent understanding of the relationship between the blood coagulation cascade and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU).Recent FindingsThe relationship between severities of CSU and the increase of coagulation markers, and the effectiveness of anti-coagulants, such as warfarin, suggest a causative role of the blood coagulation in the pathogenesis of CSU. However, mechanisms of the initiation of blood coagulation, and the link between blood coagulation and wheal formation in urticaria, remained unclear. In blood vessels, vascular endothelial cells and eosinophils may express tissue factor...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 5, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Dietary and Nutritional Influences on Allergy Prevention
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNutritional status has a profound effect on immune function, and vitamin D, omega-3 fats, and other nutrients have long been suspected of influencing the development of the allergic march, and the incidence and severity of allergic conditions. This review provides an overview of research and opinion published during the past decade and summarizes clinically actionable information about dietary and nutritional influences on allergy prevention.Recent FindingsThere is now enough evidence of effects of vitamin D, omega-3 fats, the Mediterranean diet, and antioxidants to recommend their use in routine c...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 1, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Nutritional Management of Patients With Pollen Food Syndrome: Is There a Need?
AbstractPurpose of reviewPollen food syndrome (PFS) is a highly prevalent condition causing mild oropharyngeal reactions to plant foods due to recognition by pollen-specific antibodies. It is most frequent in adults, but it can also occur in children. This review aims to establish the pitfalls of diagnosis and the nutritional consequences, and whether individuals with PFS require an individualised dietary and nutritional management strategy.Recent findingsThe diagnosis of PFS can be made through history alone but is greatly enhanced by undertaking component-resolved diagnostic (CRD) tests to individual allergens in birch p...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 1, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Food Allergy and Asthma: Is There a Link?
AbstractPurpose of reviewTo describe and understand the links and interactions between food allergy and asthmaRecent findingsFood allergy and asthma are characterized by an increasing prevalence. Moreover, food allergy and asthma often coexist. Both conditions are associated with each other in different ways. It has been shown that food allergy is a risk factor of developing asthma. Atopic dermatitis appears to be the common denominator in this interaction. Loss-of-function variants of the filaggrin mutation result in an impaired epidermal barrier function and have been shown to be a risk factor for the development of atop...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 1, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Allergen Immunotherapy for the Prevention of Allergic Asthma
AbstractPurpose of review:Children with allergic rhinitis (AR) have a high risk of developing asthma. An effect beyond end of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been demonstrated, and moreover a preventive effect on the development of asthma in children with AR is suggested. The aim of this review is to discuss the evidence for the asthma preventive capacity of AIT.Recent findings:According to the recently published systematic review and clinical practice AIT guideline from The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), there is sufficient evidence to recommend a 3-year course of AIT for children and adoles...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - September 21, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research