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Aspirin Desensitization in NERD in the Era of Biologics: First or Last Resource?
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThe classic treatment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) includes aspirin desensitization (AD). Introduction of biologics in the treatment of asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has raised the question: which of the two options may be the most suitable for NERD?Recent FindingsNERD is a highly eosinophilic disease. Monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5 or the IL-5 receptor, involved in eosinophil recruitment, have been shown to be effective in asthma and CRSwNP. However, no difference in clinical efficacy was observed be...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - March 9, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Impact in Contact Dermatitis during and after SARS-CoV2 Pandemic
AbstractPurpose of the reviewDue to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, several skin conditions have emerged due to the preventive measures adopted by both health care workers and the general population against SARS-CoV-2. Above all, wearing of personal protective equipment, frequent hand-washing and disinfecting of surfaces have resulted in an increased risk of irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of this review is to investigate contact dermatitis associated with COVID-19 pandemic period.Recent findingsThere is a real evidence of the rising prevalence of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in response to the C...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - February 10, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Management of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction
AbstractPurpose of ReviewOlfactory dysfunction is a frequent complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review presents the current literature regarding the management of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction (PCOD).Recent FindingsA systematic review of the literature using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for the following keywords, “Covid-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “anosmia,” “olfactory,” “treatment,” and “management” was performed. While most cases of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction resolve spontaneously within 2 weeks of symptom onset, patients with symptoms that persist past 2 wee...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - January 4, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Role of Basophil Activation Test in Drug Allergy
AbstractBackgroundBasophil activation test (BAT) is a reliable in vitro test, useful to evaluate immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (IDHRs). Nevertheless, the immunological mechanisms involved in the basophil degranulation are still not completely understood. This and the lack of standardisation hamper the BAT inclusion in clinical routine. This review tries to summarise the different diagnostic values of BAT according to the drugs involved, focusing on the most frequent drug families. Moreover, different technical aspects that could help improve BAT sensitivity have been analysed.Recent findingsIn the last years, n...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - December 9, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Role of Airborne Pollutants in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo explore the recent literature investigating the role that airborne pollutants may play in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Recent FindingsExposure to airborne pollutants has been shown to initiate changes to the inflammatory profiles and sinonasal epithelial cells in vitro. Additionally, animal models have demonstrated epithelial barrier dysfunction, ciliary dysfunction, and mucus hypersecretion upon exposure to pollutants. Finally, clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between airborne pollutant exposure and CRS prevalence and outcomes.SummaryAirborne pollutant expo...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - November 4, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Risk stratification in beta-lactam allergy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewBeta-lactams (BLs) are among the most commonly prescribed and effective antibiotics. Given the fact that overdiagnosis of penicillin allergy constitutes a major public health problem by increasing health costs and contributing to overall antibiotic resistance, removing BL allergy label is crucial.Recent FindingsDelabeling penicillin allergy as an essential component of antimicrobial stewardship is a hot topic. Despite several clinical risk factors and genetic characteristics proposed to predict BL allergy, it is still unclear what exactly constitutes a risk. Recently, a great deal of interest has b...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - October 16, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Hypersensitivity Reactions to Non-Beta Lactam Antibiotics
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHypersensitivity reactions (HRs) to non-beta lactam antibiotics (NBLAs) have increased over the last years. Although NBLAs with their broad spectrum are widely used to treat various infections, knowledge about HRs due to these drugs is limited when compared to beta-lactam antibiotics (BLAs). Therefore, we aimed to discuss the structures, subgroups of various NBLAs including fluoroquinolones, macrolides, sulfonamides, first-line anti-tuberculosis agents, 5-nitroimidazols, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin, and tetracyclines, and we also reviewed epidemiology, clinical characteristics, cros...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 26, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Diagnosing and Managing Patients with Reactions to Radiocontrast Media
AbstractPurpose of the reviewIodinated radio contrast media (RCM) belong to the most common elicitors of drug hypersensitivity reactions (HR). Urticaria or anaphylaxis may occur ≤ 1(−6) hour(s) (immediate HR) and exanthems (non-immediate HR) develop> 6 h after application of RCM. Evidence for an immunologic mechanism of RCM HR against the different RCM benzene ring molecules and the benefit of allergological testing in patients with previous hypersensitivity reactions is progressively increasing.Recent findingsPositive skin tests can confirm allergy in patients with previous reactions to RCM and help to select alter...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - August 23, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Latest Developments in the Management of Nut Allergies
AbstractPurpose of reviewIn this review, we sought to describe the most recent advances in the dietary and medical management of peanut and tree nut allergy, including selective introduction and immunotherapy.Recent findingsDietary updates include changes to labeling laws, improved information sources, and new apps for buying foods in shops and overseas to better protect individuals with nut allergies. There are still issues in the management of nut allergies in schools, such as parents having to resort to packed lunches instead of school meals and patients experiencing bullying. Air travel also poses concern, but addition...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - June 15, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Peanut Immunotherapy: Practical Applications
Opinion statementPurpose of reviewThe recent approval of the first commercial peanut oral immunotherapy formulation ushered a new era of clinical food allergy treatment. With different options for peanut immunotherapy available, it is important review the evidence of efficacy, risks, and unique considerations for the individual modalities.Recent findingsOral immunotherapy (OIT), epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT), and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for peanut allergy have risen as possible treatments for peanut allergy. Numerous studies indicate that OIT effectively desensitizes by increasing the amount of peanut protein t...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - May 31, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Allergen Immunotherapy in Pediatric Respiratory Allergy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAtopic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis are highly prevalent in children. Common triggers include tree and grass pollens, house dust mites, molds, and animal dander. These diseases are most often treated symptomatically; however, many patients show partial or poor response and require long-term medication use. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) stands as the only treatment modality that can alter the underlying disease process and potentially offer a cure. In this review article, we discuss the merits of AIT with particular emphasis on its efficacy and safety in pediatric patients. We also d...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - May 28, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Identifying the Culprit Drug in Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCARs)
AbstractPurpose of reviewIdentifying the culprit drug or drugs in SCARs (Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions) is a complex and challenging task. However, it is necessary for the patient to know which drugs to avoid in the future, alternatives for treatment and not to have forbidden for all his life drugs that were not responsible for the reaction. When to use causality algorithms? To which extent are valid in vitro tests? Are they useful in clinical practice or just research techniques? Are skin tests sensitive and safe in all SCARs? When performing them? What about the re-exposure tests? Is there any indication for them? T...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - May 26, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Role of the Environment and Exposome in Atopic Dermatitis
AbstractPurpose of reviewAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting up to 20% of children and up to 5% of adults worldwide, contributing to significant disease-related morbidity in this patient cohort. Its aetiopathogenesis is underpinned by multiple factors, including genetic susceptibility, skin barrier defects, a skewed cutaneous immune response and microbiome perturbation in both the skin and the gut. In this review, we aim to examine the biological effects of key environmental exposures (the sum of which is termed the “exposome”) at the population, community and individual levels in o...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - May 21, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery in the Pediatric Population
ConclusionExpanded endoscopic sinus surgery in the pediatric population has similar efficacy and safety as the traditional open approaches. (Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - May 13, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

The Use of Bruton ’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Treat Allergic Disorders
AbstractPurpose of reviewStudies show that inhibitors of Bruton ’s tyrosine kinase (BTKis), currently FDA-approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies, can prevent IgE-mediated reactions through broad inhibition of the FcεRI signaling pathway in human mast cells and basophils. This review will summarize recent data supporting the use of these drugs as no vel therapies in various allergic disorders.Recent findingsRecent studies have shown that BTKis can prevent IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine production in primary human mast cells and basophils. Two oral doses of the second-generation BTKi acalabrutinib can ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Allergy - April 16, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research