Origin, course, and distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the spatial relationship among its branches
This study aimed to elucidate the origin, course, and distribution of the branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, considering the segmental and dorsoventral compositions of the sacral plexus, including the pudendal nerve. The buttocks and thighs of five cadavers were analyzed bilaterally. The branches emerged from the sacral plexus, which was divided dorsally to ventrally into the superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common peroneal, tibial, and pudendal nerves. It descended lateral to the ischial tuberosity and comprised the thigh, gluteal, and perineal branches. As for the thigh and gluteal branches, the dorsov...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 5, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Pelvic floor and perineal muscles: a dynamic coordination between skeletal and smooth muscles on pelvic floor stabilization
AbstractThe purpose of this review is to present our researches on the pelvic outlet muscles, including the pelvic floor and perineal muscles, which are responsible for urinary function, defecation, sexual function, and core stability, and to discuss the insights into the mechanism of pelvic floor stabilization based on the findings. Our studies are conducted using a combination of macroscopic examination, immunohistological analysis, 3D reconstruction, and imaging. Unlike most previous reports, this article describes not only on skeletal muscle but also on smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floor and perineum to encou...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 24, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Changes in the volumes and asymmetry of subcortical structures in healthy individuals according to gender
In this study, we aim to share the volume and asymmetry of the hippocampus, its sub-branches, and other subcortical structures and their interaction with age/sex using volBrain, a web-based automated software.1.5 T T1-weighted volumetric MRI, of 90 healthy individuals (51 females, 39 males) of both genders were included in our study. Pallidum, hippocampus, Cornu Ammonis1 (CA1), Cornu Ammonis2-3 (CA2-CA3), and Cornu Ammonis4-Dentate Gyrus (CA4-DG) measurements in females and males had a statistically higher mean in the right region (p < 0.05). In addition, females' hippocampus, CA1, CA2-CA3, and CA4-DG averages de...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 22, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Heinrich Ewald Hering ’s discovery of the heart pacemaker: Hering, Tawara and Aschoff’s search for its morphological basis, the sinoatrial node, and why they failed
AbstractTwo groups of investigators investigated the heart pacemaker and its morphological basis in the early twentieth century. The first group was formed by Henrich Ewald Hering (physiologist), Sunao Tawara and Ludwig Aschoff (morphologists). The second group was composed of James Mackenzie (general practitioner and clinical investigator), Arthur Keith and Martin Flack (morphologists). These groups were formed almost at the same time in 1903. Their work resulted in the discovery of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network (Sunao Tawara, in 1906), heart pacemaker (H E Hering, in 1907) and sinoatrial node (Keith and ...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 22, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Muscle –tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of flexor digitorum superficialis in the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
In this study, the muscle–tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of FDS were examined in the siamang, western lowland gorilla, western chimpanzee, and Japanese macaques. The FDS had muscle bellies to digits II–V. FDS had proximal belly and intermediate tendon except for siamang. Distal belly to digit II (in the western lowland gorilla and western chimpanzees) or distal bellies to digits II and V (in Japanese macaque) originated from the int ermediate tendon. In all specimens, nerve branches within digit III belly extended into digit IV belly, and nerve branch(es) within digit IV belly extended into dig...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 21, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Novel combination method of wide-range serial sectioning and 3D reconstruction visualizing both macro-level dynamics and micro-level interactions in an attempt to analyze the female pelvic floor
AbstractThe present report presents details of the method for combining wide-range serial sectioning and 3D reconstruction using an adult cadaver. For several decades, anatomists have utilized a variety of non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) visualization methods to complement gross anatomical analysis methods. These include vascular casting for the visualization of vascular morphology and micro-CT for the visualization of bone morphology. However, these conventional methods are restricted by the properties and sizes of the target structures. Here, we introduce a method to conduct 3D reconstruction based on wide-range s...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 7, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Penetration of the facial nerve by the posterior auricular artery: case report, comprehensive review and clinical –surgical applications
AbstractAnatomical variations between the facial nerve and adjacent arteries are rare. However, knowledge of such anatomical variations is important to the surgeon who operates on or near the facial nerve. Herein, we report an unusual finding between the extracranial part of the facial nerve and a nearby artery. During routine dissection of the right facial nerve trunk, the posterior auricular artery was found to pierce the nerve effectively forming a nerve loop. The nerve was pierced by the artery soon after its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. This case is detailed and a review on this topic presented, specifically id...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 7, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Evaluation of morphological features of palatopharyngeus insertion into the thyroid cartilage
AbstractThe attachment of the palatopharyngeus extended from the posterior end of the thyroid cartilage to the posterior margin of the inferior constrictor attachment that might contribute to successive swallowing movements. Laryngeal elevation is essential for proper swallowing and breathing. Recently, clinical research has demonstrated that the palatopharyngeus, a longitudinal muscle of the pharynx, is involved in the elevation of the larynx. However, the morphological relationship between the larynx and palatopharyngeus remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the attachment site and characteristics of the pal...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 6, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Substantial decrease in SARS-CoV-2 RNA after fixation of cadavers intended for anatomical dissection
AbstractWith the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a problem arose with classic body donation programmes for obtaining cadavers for anatomical dissections, science and research. The question has emerged whether bodies of individuals who died of COVID-19 or were infected by SARS-CoV-2 could be admitted to Departments of Anatomy. To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to employees or students, the presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cadavers after fixation agents ’ application and subsequent post-fixation baths over time were examined. The presence of viral RNA in swabs from selected tissues was assessed by...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 4, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Correlative microscopy and block-face imaging (CoMBI): a 3D imaging method with wide applicability in the field of biological science
AbstractCorrelative microscopy and block-face imaging (CoMBI) is an imaging method, which is characterized by the ability to obtain both serial block-face images as a 3-dimentional (3D) dataset and sections for 2-dimentional (2D) light microscopic analysis. These 3D and 2D morphological data can be correlated with each other to facilitate data interpretation. CoMBI is an easy-to-install and low-cost 3D imaging method since its system can be assembled by the researcher using a regular microtome, consumer digital camera, and some self-made devices, and its installation and instruction manuals are open-source. After the first...
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 28, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Three-dimensional mouse cochlea imaging based on the modified Sca/eS using confocal microscopy
This study ’s method was effective in elucidating inner ear function under both physiological and pathological conditions. (Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 11, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Evolutionary comparative analysis of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in three procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus Cuvier, 1798, Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766, and Potos flavus Schreber, 1774) based on their attachments and innervation
AbstractThe procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus,Nasua nasua andPotos flavus) are Neotropical carnivorans with the ability to climb trees; however, each one has different locomotor preferences. Thereby,P. flavus is highly arboreal,P. cancrivorus is mainly terrestrial with abilities to swim, andN. nasua is also fossorial. These activities not only require movements of the hands but stabilize the thoracic limb, an action performed by the extrinsic muscles. Besides, former descriptions performed in procyonid species have obsolete terms for these muscles, generating confusion about the comparison among species. Thereby, muscle inne...
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 10, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Structural changes and neurotrophic factors upregulation in submandibular gland in a rat model of depression: proposed correlation with stress indicators during and after the relief of depression
This study evaluated the structural changes, the immunohistochemical and gene expression of neurotrophic factors in submandibular gland in a rat model of depression, and their correlation with depression parameters during and after relief of depression by voluntary running. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into control, control-exercise, depression, and depression-exercise groups. Depression was induced using forced swimming protocol, while the relief of depression was induced using the rat voluntary running wheels. The depressive state of rats was evaluated by measuring the immobility duration and the serum corti...
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 10, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Clinical and variational evaluation of peroneus tertius muscle
This study is the cadaver research. (Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 10, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
A surgical modification in the technique of rat pinealectomy
ConclusionAdvantages of this technique were removing a small skull area, modifying the hook insertion point to prevent damaging the brain veins, reducing the bleeding risk and the mortality rate. Surgery modification was associated with a decreased final number of animals used. Regardless of the melatonin shortage, pinealectomy affects different organs, which should be considered in the research study design. (Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 10, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
