Terminologica Anatomica2: are we working toward achieving a unified consensus based anatomical terminology?
AbstractThis paper focuses on the authors perspectives of the terminology developed by the Gross and Clinical Anatomy Working Group for Terminologica Anatomica2. Terminologica Anatomica2 represents a great deal of work by the Gross and Clinical Anatomy Working Group of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology. Listing of synonyms and eponyms can be of great utility in terms of historical translation. However, the initial goal of achieving an international standard for anatomical terminology derived through a scholarly, consensus based process has been lost in Terminologica Anatomica2 as it provide...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 18, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Age-related changes in densitometry and histomorphometry of long bone during the pubertal growth spurt in male rats
This study aimed to provide normative data for longitudinal bone growth with age during the puberty in male rats. In order to evaluate long bone growth and mineralization we examined bone size and bone density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, analyzed histomorphometry of the growth plate, and serum hormone levels relevant to bone growth from postnatal day (PD)20 to PD60. The length and weight of long bones increased strongly by PD40, and no further increase was observed after PD50. On the other hand, tibial growth plate height decreased sharply after PD50 along with a reduction in the number of cells and columns, which...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 10, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Hundreds of body parts are named after hair: is anatomical terminology supercilious or simply super silly?
AbstractRelatively more-apparent body parts are often used to name relatively less-apparent body parts. To explore this etymological phenomenon, this report assesses anatomical terminology derived from some of the most apparent structures of the human body —hairs. Hair-related anatomical terminology involves varied etymons, roots, and derivatives:calvus“bald,”cilia“eyelashes,”glaber“hairless,”pilus“hair,”pubes (historically referring to the developing beard),pudendum“modesty” (referring to hair growth that covers genitalia),tempus“time” (referring to the location where hair commonly grays, thus sh...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 8, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Manners of terminology and description in Galen ’s anatomy in the ancient Rome and their historical consequences up to the modern time
AbstractThe oldest extant anatomy textbooks compiled in ancient Rome were by Galen who described in writing most of the various parts and organs of the body. History tells us that ever since the time of Galen, anatomical terminology would be a necessary and beneficial feature, but it also brought unexpected and annoying consequences into the field. The benefits are readily apparent in the case of muscle terminology. Galen identified more than 150 different kinds of skeletal muscles, most of which were unnamed, hence difficult to identify without professional knowledge of anatomy. Vesalius introduced detailed anatomical ill...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 7, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Nomina anatomica-unde venient et quo vaditis?
AbstractAs the title indicates, this article deals with the origins of anatomic terminology and its development up to the present day. The first attempt to name anatomical structures in animals and humans date back to Alkmaion, i.e. to the fifth century BC. Further work has been done at the same time by the Hippocratics and about 100 years later by Aristotle. As the Alexandrians Erasistratos and Herophilos first in history dissected human bodies, they expanded the anatomical terms. Until Celsus (around Christ’s birth) and even later on, anatomical terminology was almost exclusively based on the Greek language. Thus, Ce...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 5, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
The alveolar canals and foramina in the first edition of Terminologia Oroanatomica: a preview
AbstractAnatomy was initially developed out of necessity to decrease surgery complications. Over time, anatomists and surgeons have sometimes used different terms for the same anatomical structures, thus resulting in numerous discrepancies in terminology between anatomy and surgery. To avoid any confusion or misunderstanding and to better elucidate the oral anatomy terms, the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) organized a group of specialists on oral anatomy,Terminologia Oroanatomica (ToA) working group, composed of dentists, anatomy researchers, anatomy educators, oral and maxillofacial ...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 4, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Coexistence of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery with a left maxillary artery medial to the mandibular nerve
AbstractThis case report describes the coexistence of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery and left maxillary artery which passed deep to the mandibular nerve. An 88-year-old woman died of acute heart failure, and the postmortem revealed that the right subclavian artery originated from the aortic arch as the last branch at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra, then passed between the esophagus and the vertebral column. The artery then ascended right superiorly and passed behind the anterior scalene muscle. The right vertebral artery arose from the retroesophageal right subclavian artery and entered the transverse...
Source: Anatomical Science International - April 1, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Can AnatomicalTerms.info with its synonyms and succinct open definitions be a solution to address variations in usage of anatomical terminology?
We report here on a user-friendly look-up web site, “AnatomicalTerms.info” that links aTerminologica Anatomica term to alternative terms in usage: synonyms, polysemes, eponyms, homonyms, and terms in other languages. Accompanying open-source definitions are generated with the help of “Definition Machine” software, that supports creating the most concise and accessible definitions for anatomical terms, eschewing superfluous description, thus reducing cognitive load of learners of anatomy looking up terms. AnatomicalTerms.info is a readily accessible online source for both the authoritative and alternatively used ter...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 23, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Terminologia anatomica: evolution but not revolution
(Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 20, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Towards a Terminologia Anatomica Humana
AbstractUnfortunately, the long-awaited revision of the official anatomical nomenclature, theTerminologia Anatomica 2 (TA2), which was issued in 2019 and after a referendum among the Member Societies officially approved by the General Assembly of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists in 2020, is built on a new version of the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules. This breaks with many traditional views of terminology. These changes in theTerminologia Anatomica of 1998 (TA98) met great resistance within many European Anatomical Societies and their members are not willing to use terms following the ...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 16, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Unpredictable chronic mild stress shows neuronal remodeling in multipolar projection neurons of hippocampal complex in postnatal chicks
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of unpredictable chronic mild stress in multipolar neurons of 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9-week-old chick ’s hippocampal complex. This study revealed that chronic stress results in neuronal remodeling by causing alterations in dendritic field, axonal length, secondary branching, corrected spine number, and dendritic branching at 25, 50, 75, and 100 µm. Due to stress, the overall dendritic length was significantly retracted in 3-week-old chick, whereas no significant difference was observed in 5- and 7-week-old chick, but again it was significantly retracted in 9-week-old chick along...
Source: Anatomical Science International - March 7, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Taking the high road retroactively: flexible and robust framework of ethical thoughts over time
(Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 7, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Little evidence for vibrissal capsular muscles in humans
(Source: Anatomical Science International)
Source: Anatomical Science International - February 3, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
3D visualization and printing: An “Anatomical Engineering” trend revealing underlying morphology via innovation and reconstruction towards future of veterinary anatomy
AbstractThe amalgamation of veterinary anatomy, technology and innovation has led to development of latest technological advancement in the field of veterinary medicine, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) imaging and reconstruction. 3D visualization technique followed by 3D reconstruction has been proven to enhance non-destructive 3D visualization grossly or microscopically, e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and glands. The core aim of this manuscript is to document non-invasive 3D visualization methods being adopted currently in veterinary anatomy ...
Source: Anatomical Science International - January 18, 2024 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
A new lymphography protocol and interpretation principles based on functional lymphatic anatomy in lower limb lymphedema
AbstractIndirect lymphatic system imaging is essential for diagnosing lymphatic diseases. The basic methodology involves intradermal or subcutaneous injection of a contrast agent into the surrounding lymphatic capillary, and the flow of the contrast agent is identified using a detector. Many contrast agents that use near-infrared dye, including indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent lymphography, are available. ICG is rapidly spreading as a convenient and safe lymphedema diagnostic method, because it does not involve radiation exposure, and the imaging equipment is more compact than other devices. The lymphatic system is a se...
Source: Anatomical Science International - December 22, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
