Effects of low-intensity exercise on contractile property of skeletal muscle and the number of motor neurons in diabetic rats
AbstractThe mode of diabetes-induced muscle and motor neuron damage depends on the type of muscle and motor neuron. One of the purposes of exercise therapy for diabetes is to improve blood glucose levels; however, information on the effects of low-intensity exercise on muscle and motor neuron disorders remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of low-intensity exercise on diabetes-induced muscle and motor neuron damage in a rat model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. We subjected adult male Wistar rats treated with streptozotocin to develop type 1 diabetes and age-matched rats to low-intensity treadmill...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 28, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Morphometric evaluation of the orbital region for sex determination in a Saudi Arabian population using 3DCT images
This study included 456 CT images (228 males and 228 females; age range, 18 –58 years). Six orbital measurements and the orbital index of both sides were evaluated to determine sexual dimorphism and laterality using an independentt-test. Sex was estimated using discriminant function analysis. Based on the orbital index, the orbit was classified into megasemes, mesosemes, and microsemes. All the measurements were significantly greater in males than females, but the orbital index showed no significant sexual dimorphism. No significant asymmetry was found in all orbital dimensions. The univariate discriminant function of t...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 18, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Penetration of the facial nerve by the posterior auricular artery: case report, comprehensive review and clinical –surgical applications
AbstractAnatomical variations between the facial nerve and adjacent arteries are rare. However, knowledge of such anatomical variations is important to the surgeon who operates on or near the facial nerve. Herein, we report an unusual finding between the extracranial part of the facial nerve and a nearby artery. During routine dissection of the right facial nerve trunk, the posterior auricular artery was found to pierce the nerve effectively forming a nerve loop. The nerve was pierced by the artery soon after its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. This case is detailed and a review on this topic presented, specifically id...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Fibular diaphyseal curvature of the Jomon population
This study investigated differences in the fibular diaphyseal curvature between prehistoric Jomon hunter –gatherers and modern Japanese people. A total of 115 skeletal remains of 40 individuals from the Late/Final Jomon period (approximately 4300–2500 years BP) and 75 modern Japanese individuals were included in the analysis. The degree of anteroposterior and mediolateral diaphyseal curvature was measured based on digital photographs taken from the frontal and sagittal planes at every 5% diaphyseal region between the range of 20–80% of the fibular length. Fibular diaphyseal curvature was compared between both popula...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Regional variations in the intra- and intervertebral trabecular microarchitecture of the osteoporotic axial skeleton
AbstractTrabecular structures in vertebral bodies are unequally distributed in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, and also within individual vertebrae. Knowledge of the microstructure of these entities could influence our comprehension and treatment of osteoporotic fractures, and even surgical procedures. Appropriate investigations may clarify the pathomechanisms of various osteoporotic fractures (fish, wedge-shaped, and flat vertebrae). We obtained three cancellous bone cylinders from the centers and margins of cervical vertebra 3 to lumbar vertebra 5, and investigated these in regard of bone volume fraction, trabec...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Origin, course, and distribution of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the spatial relationship among its branches
This study aimed to elucidate the origin, course, and distribution of the branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, considering the segmental and dorsoventral compositions of the sacral plexus, including the pudendal nerve. The buttocks and thighs of five cadavers were analyzed bilaterally. The branches emerged from the sacral plexus, which was divided dorsally to ventrally into the superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, common peroneal, tibial, and pudendal nerves. It descended lateral to the ischial tuberosity and comprised the thigh, gluteal, and perineal branches. As for the thigh and gluteal branches, the dorsov...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Bifurcated distal biceps brachii tendon coexisting with separated bicipital aponeurosis: a complex variational case report
AbstractVariations appearing in biceps brachii muscle are common with accessory head, different origins, variant insertion, and different pattern of nerve innervation. However, variations appearing in both origin and insertion, and with other anomalous morphology at the same time are seldom. Here we report a complex variational case on the right arm of a 91-year-old Japanese female cadaver. The complex variations included (1) the biceps brachii muscle bifurcated at its distal ending; (2) the long head had its own tendon, which divided into two parts, i.e., a lateral part fused into the fascia between the brachioradialis an...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Changes in the volumes and asymmetry of subcortical structures in healthy individuals according to gender
In this study, we aim to share the volume and asymmetry of the hippocampus, its sub-branches, and other subcortical structures and their interaction with age/sex using volBrain, a web-based automated software.1.5 T T1-weighted volumetric MRI, of 90 healthy individuals (51 females, 39 males) of both genders were included in our study. Pallidum, hippocampus, Cornu Ammonis1 (CA1), Cornu Ammonis2-3 (CA2-CA3), and Cornu Ammonis4-Dentate Gyrus (CA4-DG) measurements in females and males had a statistically higher mean in the right region (p < 0.05). In addition, females' hippocampus, CA1, CA2-CA3, and CA4-DG averages de...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Conduct of body donation and cadaveric dissection training during the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges, impacts and mitigation
This study aimed to explore the conduct of body donations and simulation surgery training during the COVID-19 pandemic from the viewpoints of the committee members of the SMP and the next-of-kin of body donor pledgers. This study utilised a qualitative exploration method to seek an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. In-depth individual interviews were carried out. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns of themes. The COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test is compulsory before accepting a body donation, and this resulted in the turning down of several donations. Being a donor is the final wish o...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Mechanical stretching determines the orientation of osteoblast migration and cell division
AbstractOsteoblasts alignment and migration are involved in the directional formation of bone matrix and bone remodeling. Many studies have demonstrated that mechanical stretching controls osteoblast morphology and alignment. However, little is known about its effects on osteoblast migration. Here, we investigated changes in the morphology and migration of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells after the removal of continuous or cyclic stretching. Actin staining and time-lapse recording were performed after stretching removal. The continuous and cyclic groups showed parallel and perpendicular alignment to the stretch direction, re...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Heinrich Ewald Hering ’s discovery of the heart pacemaker: Hering, Tawara and Aschoff’s search for its morphological basis, the sinoatrial node, and why they failed
AbstractTwo groups of investigators investigated the heart pacemaker and its morphological basis in the early twentieth century. The first group was formed by Henrich Ewald Hering (physiologist), Sunao Tawara and Ludwig Aschoff (morphologists). The second group was composed of James Mackenzie (general practitioner and clinical investigator), Arthur Keith and Martin Flack (morphologists). These groups were formed almost at the same time in 1903. Their work resulted in the discovery of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network (Sunao Tawara, in 1906), heart pacemaker (H E Hering, in 1907) and sinoatrial node (Keith and ...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Collateral projections from the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta to the nucleus accumbens and insular cortex in the rat
AbstractMidbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) regions including ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are involved in diverse brain functions. Previous studies demonstrated that the VTA/SNc to nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway is critical in reward and motivation. Moreover, DAergic innervations within the insular cortex (IC) are reported to play important roles in pain regulation. To investigate whether VTA/SNc sends collateral projections to NAc and IC, we injected retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the NAc and Fluorescent retrograde tracer beads (RetroBeads) into the ipsilateral IC in rats. T...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Inhibitory effect of parthenolide on peripheral nerve degeneration
AbstractTraumatic axonal damage disrupts connections between neurons, leading to the loss of motor and sensory functions. Although damaged peripheral nerves can regenerate, recovery depends on the variety and severity of nerve damage. Thus, many phytochemicals have been studied for their ability to reduce peripheral nerve degeneration, and among them, Parthenolide (PTL), which is extracted from Feverfew has effects against production of free radicals, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, we conducted a study to investigate whether PTL has an inhibitory effect on peripheral nerve degeneration during peripheral nerve damage. T...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Muscle –tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of flexor digitorum superficialis in the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), and Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
In this study, the muscle–tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of FDS were examined in the siamang, western lowland gorilla, western chimpanzee, and Japanese macaques. The FDS had muscle bellies to digits II–V. FDS had proximal belly and intermediate tendon except for siamang. Distal belly to digit II (in the western lowland gorilla and western chimpanzees) or distal bellies to digits II and V (in Japanese macaque) originated from the int ermediate tendon. In all specimens, nerve branches within digit III belly extended into digit IV belly, and nerve branch(es) within digit IV belly extended into dig...
Source: Anatomical Science International - September 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
