Standardizing to Specific Target Populations in Distributed Networks and Multi-Site Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 27:kwae015. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae015. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDistributed networks and other multi-site studies assess drug safety and effectiveness in diverse populations by pooling information. Targeting groups of clinical or policy interest (including specific sites or site combinations) and applying weights based on effect measure modifiers (EMMs) prior to pooling estimates within multi-site studies may increase interpretability and improve precision. We simulated a four-site study, standardized each site using inverse odds weights (IOW) to resemble the three smallest sites or the smalles...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 27, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Michael Webster-Clark Kristian B Filion Robert W Platt Source Type: research
Measuring Variation in Infant Mortality and Deaths of Despair by U.S. Congressional Districts in Pennsylvania: A Methodological Case Study
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 26:kwae016. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae016. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTMany ecological studies examine health outcomes and disparities using administrative boundaries such as census tracts, counties, or states. These boundaries help us to understand the patterning of health by place along with impacts of policies implemented at these levels. However, additional geo-political units, or units with both geographic and political meaning, such as congressional districts, present further opportunities to connect research with public policy. We provide a step-by-step guide in how to conduct disparities-focus...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 27, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Alina Schnake-Mahl Giancarlo Anfuso Neal D Goldstein Jonathan Purtle Jan M Eberth Ana Ortigoza Usama Bilal Source Type: research
Machine Learning Detects Heterogeneous Effects of Medicaid Coverage on Depression
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae008. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae008. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn 2008, Oregon expanded its Medicaid program using a lottery, creating a rare opportunity to study the effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized controlled design (Oregon Health Insurance Experiment). Analysis showed that Medicaid coverage lowered the risk of depression. However, this effect may vary between individuals, and the identification of individuals likely to benefit the most has the potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the Medicaid program. By applying the machine learning causal forest to data ...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Ryunosuke Goto Kosuke Inoue Itsuki Osawa Katherine Baicker Scott L Fleming Yusuke Tsugawa Source Type: research
Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae010. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae010. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTWe synthesized the epidemiologic evidence on the associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and breast cancer risk. Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 18 and 11 articles, respectively, covering studies up to February 2023. The summary relative risks (RR) estimated by random-effects meta-analyses did not support an association between PFAS and overall breast cancer risk (e.g., a natural log (ln)-unit increase in serum/plasma concentrations [ng/mL] for perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] RR=0.95, 95%...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Che-Jung Chang Jennifer L Ish Vicky C Chang Meklit Daniel Rena R Jones Alexandra J White Source Type: research
Estimating effects of longitudinal and cumulative exposure to PFAS mixtures on early adolescent body composition
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae014. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae014. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTFew methods have been used to characterize repeatedly measured biomarkers of chemical mixtures. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to serum concentrations of four perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at four timepoints from gestation to age 12 years. We evaluated the relations between profiles and z-scores of height, body mass index, fat mass index, and lean body mass index at age 12 years (n = 218). We compared LPA findings with an alternative approach for cumulative PFAS mixtures using g-computation to estim...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jordan R Kuiper Shelley H Liu Bruce P Lanphear Antonia M Calafat Kim M Cecil Yingying Xu Kimberly Yolton Heidi J Kalkwarf Aimin Chen Joseph M Braun Jessie P Buckley Source Type: research
Handling missing data when estimating causal effects with Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae012. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae012. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTTargeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) is increasingly used for doubly robust causal inference, but how missing data should be handled when using TMLE with data-adaptive approaches is unclear. Based on the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study, we conducted a simulation study to evaluate eight missing data methods in this context: complete-case analysis, extended TMLE incorporating outcome-missingness model, missing covariate missing indicator method, five multiple imputation (MI) approaches using parametric or machine-le...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: S Ghazaleh Dashti Katherine J Lee Julie A Simpson Ian R White John B Carlin Margarita Moreno-Betancur Source Type: research
The InterSECT framework: A proposed model for explaining population-level trends in substance use and emotional concerns
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae013. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae013. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAcross high-income countries, adolescent emotional concerns have been increasing in prevalence over the past two decades and it is unclear why this is occurring, including if and how substance use relates to these changing trends. On the other hand, substance use has been generally declining, and little is known about the role of emotional concerns in these trends. Several studies have explored the changes in co-occurring substance use and emotional concerns among adolescents over time, with mixed results and inconsistent messaging...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jillian Halladay Matthew Sunderland Cath Chapman Maree Teesson Tim Slade Source Type: research
Machine Learning Detects Heterogeneous Effects of Medicaid Coverage on Depression
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae008. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae008. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn 2008, Oregon expanded its Medicaid program using a lottery, creating a rare opportunity to study the effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized controlled design (Oregon Health Insurance Experiment). Analysis showed that Medicaid coverage lowered the risk of depression. However, this effect may vary between individuals, and the identification of individuals likely to benefit the most has the potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the Medicaid program. By applying the machine learning causal forest to data ...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Ryunosuke Goto Kosuke Inoue Itsuki Osawa Katherine Baicker Scott L Fleming Yusuke Tsugawa Source Type: research
Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae010. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae010. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTWe synthesized the epidemiologic evidence on the associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and breast cancer risk. Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 18 and 11 articles, respectively, covering studies up to February 2023. The summary relative risks (RR) estimated by random-effects meta-analyses did not support an association between PFAS and overall breast cancer risk (e.g., a natural log (ln)-unit increase in serum/plasma concentrations [ng/mL] for perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] RR=0.95, 95%...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Che-Jung Chang Jennifer L Ish Vicky C Chang Meklit Daniel Rena R Jones Alexandra J White Source Type: research
Estimating effects of longitudinal and cumulative exposure to PFAS mixtures on early adolescent body composition
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae014. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae014. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTFew methods have been used to characterize repeatedly measured biomarkers of chemical mixtures. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to serum concentrations of four perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at four timepoints from gestation to age 12 years. We evaluated the relations between profiles and z-scores of height, body mass index, fat mass index, and lean body mass index at age 12 years (n = 218). We compared LPA findings with an alternative approach for cumulative PFAS mixtures using g-computation to estim...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jordan R Kuiper Shelley H Liu Bruce P Lanphear Antonia M Calafat Kim M Cecil Yingying Xu Kimberly Yolton Heidi J Kalkwarf Aimin Chen Joseph M Braun Jessie P Buckley Source Type: research
Handling missing data when estimating causal effects with Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae012. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae012. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTTargeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) is increasingly used for doubly robust causal inference, but how missing data should be handled when using TMLE with data-adaptive approaches is unclear. Based on the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study, we conducted a simulation study to evaluate eight missing data methods in this context: complete-case analysis, extended TMLE incorporating outcome-missingness model, missing covariate missing indicator method, five multiple imputation (MI) approaches using parametric or machine-le...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: S Ghazaleh Dashti Katherine J Lee Julie A Simpson Ian R White John B Carlin Margarita Moreno-Betancur Source Type: research
The InterSECT framework: A proposed model for explaining population-level trends in substance use and emotional concerns
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae013. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae013. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAcross high-income countries, adolescent emotional concerns have been increasing in prevalence over the past two decades and it is unclear why this is occurring, including if and how substance use relates to these changing trends. On the other hand, substance use has been generally declining, and little is known about the role of emotional concerns in these trends. Several studies have explored the changes in co-occurring substance use and emotional concerns among adolescents over time, with mixed results and inconsistent messaging...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jillian Halladay Matthew Sunderland Cath Chapman Maree Teesson Tim Slade Source Type: research
Machine Learning Detects Heterogeneous Effects of Medicaid Coverage on Depression
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 22:kwae008. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae008. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn 2008, Oregon expanded its Medicaid program using a lottery, creating a rare opportunity to study the effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized controlled design (Oregon Health Insurance Experiment). Analysis showed that Medicaid coverage lowered the risk of depression. However, this effect may vary between individuals, and the identification of individuals likely to benefit the most has the potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the Medicaid program. By applying the machine learning causal forest to data ...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Ryunosuke Goto Kosuke Inoue Itsuki Osawa Katherine Baicker Scott L Fleming Yusuke Tsugawa Source Type: research
Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiologic Studies
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae010. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae010. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTWe synthesized the epidemiologic evidence on the associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and breast cancer risk. Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 18 and 11 articles, respectively, covering studies up to February 2023. The summary relative risks (RR) estimated by random-effects meta-analyses did not support an association between PFAS and overall breast cancer risk (e.g., a natural log (ln)-unit increase in serum/plasma concentrations [ng/mL] for perfluorooctanoate [PFOA] RR=0.95, 95%...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Che-Jung Chang Jennifer L Ish Vicky C Chang Meklit Daniel Rena R Jones Alexandra J White Source Type: research
Estimating effects of longitudinal and cumulative exposure to PFAS mixtures on early adolescent body composition
Am J Epidemiol. 2024 Feb 23:kwae014. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae014. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTFew methods have been used to characterize repeatedly measured biomarkers of chemical mixtures. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to serum concentrations of four perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at four timepoints from gestation to age 12 years. We evaluated the relations between profiles and z-scores of height, body mass index, fat mass index, and lean body mass index at age 12 years (n = 218). We compared LPA findings with an alternative approach for cumulative PFAS mixtures using g-computation to estim...
Source: Am J Epidemiol - February 24, 2024 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jordan R Kuiper Shelley H Liu Bruce P Lanphear Antonia M Calafat Kim M Cecil Yingying Xu Kimberly Yolton Heidi J Kalkwarf Aimin Chen Joseph M Braun Jessie P Buckley Source Type: research
