A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Precise Assessment of Programmed Cell Death-ligand 1 and Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes in Non−Small Cell Lung Cancer
Advances in immunotherapy have increased the need for stratified predictive biomarkers in patients with non−small cell lung cancer. However, precise evaluation of tumor tissue-based immune biomarkers, such as programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and the characteristics of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), is a challenge in clinical practice. In recent years, the digitization of whole-slide images of tissue has accelerated the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in tumor pathology and provided an opportunity to use AI tools to improve the interpretation of immune biomarkers. This review descri...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: A Comprehensive Historical Review With Proposed Evidence-based Guidelines Regarding a Diagnosis in Need of Further Clarification
Among all sarcoma types, liposarcoma is the most common sarcoma that develops “dedifferentiation.” Since its initial description by Dr Harry Evans, the spectrum of what is now acceptably included under the rubric of “dedifferentiated liposarcoma” (DL) has expanded, sometimes supported by cytogenetic and molecular advances. Similarly, the range of morphologic appearances considered to represent the precursor of DL, atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma, also has broadened, not uncommonly creating variants with significant, almost indistinguishable, morphologic overlap with occasional forms ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Amyloid Arthropathy: A Review
Amyloid arthropathy is a joint disease associated with systemic amyloidosis. Herein, we present a model case and review the clinicopathologic features and pathophysiology of this disorder. Amyloid arthropathy results from elevation of serum amyloidogenic proteins and their deposition as aggregates in synovial fluid and articular tissues. The most common proteins are beta-2-microglobulin in the context of long-term hemodialysis therapy and immunoglobulin light chains associated with plasma cell proliferations. We provide a comprehensive update on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and pathologic features of amyloid ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Regression of Hepatic Fibrosis and Evolution of Cirrhosis: A Concise Review
Fibrosis is not a unidirectional, linear process, but a dynamic one resulting from an interplay of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis depending on the extent and severity of a biologic insult, or lack thereof. Regression of fibrosis has been documented best in patients treated with phlebotomies for hemochromatosis, and after successful suppression and eradication of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. This evidence mandates a reconsideration of the term “cirrhosis,” which implies an inevitable progression towards liver failure. Furthermore, it also necessitates a staging system that acknowledges the bidirectional nature of ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Low-grade Oncocytic Fumarate Hydratase-deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Update on Biologic Potential, Morphologic Spectrum, and Differential Diagnosis With Other Low-grade Oncocytic Tumors
Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient RCC) is typically considered a high-grade, aggressive subtype of RCC that frequently arises in the setting of hereditary leiomyomatosis-renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome. Increasing experience with HLRCC-associated RCC and FH-deficient RCC has resulted in recognition of tumors with lower grade morphologic features, overlapping with those of succinate dehydrogenase–deficient RCC and other low-grade oncocytic tumors. In this review article, we report a previously unpublished case that was recently encountered in our practice and review cases in the current...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Role of the Surgical Pathologist in Diagnosis of Drug-induced Liver Injury: Recognizing Specific Patterns of Drug Injury
Eighteen histologic patterns of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are described, most of which are also seen in other commonly occurring acute and chronic liver diseases. However, certain patterns such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease, “bland” cholestasis and cholestatic hepatitis are more often caused by drugs than other competing etiologies. Amiodarone, acetaminophen, anabolic androgenic steroids and estrogens, result in histologic patterns that are virtually diagnostic of the respective drug. Recognition of a DILI or drug specific injury pattern enables the clinician to focus on eliciting an ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 14, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Mesenchymal Tumors of the Mediastinum: An Update on Diagnostic Approach
Mesenchymal tumors of the mediastinum are a heterogenous group of rare tumors with divergent lineages. Mediastinal mesenchymal tumors are diagnostically challenging due to their diversity and morphologic overlap with nonmesenchymal lesions arising in the mediastinum. Accurate histologic diagnosis is critical for appropriate patient management and prognostication. Many mediastinal mesenchymal tumors affect distinct age groups or occur at specific mediastinal compartments. Neurogenic tumors, liposarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, and synovial sarcoma are common mesenchymal tumors in the mediastinum. Herein, we provide an updat...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update on Pathologic, Clinical, and Molecular Features
Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) are the most common extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) and most often arise in the anterior mediastinum with a male predilection. MGCTs also have a predilection for patients with Klinefelter syndrome and possibly other genetic conditions. MGCTs, as GCTs at other extragonadal sites, are thought to arise from germ cells improperly retained during migration along the midline during embryogenesis. Similar to their counterparts in the testes, MGCTs are classified into seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs. Seminomatous MGCT represents pure seminoma, whereas nonseminomatous MGCTs encompass ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Mediastinal Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Lymphoproliferative disorders comprise 50% to 60% of all mediastinal malignancies in both children and adults. Primary mediastinal involvement is rare (∼5%), whereas secondary mediastinal involvement by systemic disease is more common (10% to 25%). Primary mediastinal disease is defined as involvement by a lymphoproliferative disorder of mediastinal lymph nodes, the thymus, and/or extranodal mediastinal organs without evidence of systemic disease at presentation. In this review, the clinical, radiologic, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of some of the most characteristic mediastinal lymphoprolif...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Thymoma Staging: An Analysis of the Different Schemas
Over the last years, a number of changes has taken place in the evaluation of thymomas. More recently, the introduction of a TNM staging system in the assessment of thymic epithelial tumors, in general, has been put forward. Important to highlight is that this TNM system is not based on tumor size, and because of that shortcoming, it was in need to borrow most if not all of the information from the experience derived from other schemas that over the years have been tested with larger series of cases. Also important to recognize is that this TNM system is nothing new as previous authors in the past had already attempted to ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Thymoma: Challenges and Pitfalls in Biopsy Interpretation
The interpretation of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of thymoma is a subject that is generally not addressed in the literature. Even though the diagnosis of thymoma may seem to be an easy step in the assessment of these tumors, in reality, it is the biopsy specimen interpretation that will be use to determine course of action in any particular patient. It may determine whether a patient is a surgical candidate or on the contrary whether a patient may be benefited the most by medical therapy. In addition, there may be conditions in which all that is required is surgical resection without any further treatment, and that t...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Mediastinal Pathology
No abstract available (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 20, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Editorial Source Type: research
Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Guide for the Practicing Pathologist
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate gland (IDCP) is characterized by an expansile, architecturally, and cytologically atypical proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells within preexisting prostatic ducts and acini. There has been a wider recognition of IDCP by practicing pathologists since its recognition as a separate category in the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification of tumours of the prostate gland. However, there is also a lack of clarity regarding the diagnosis and reporting of IDCP, which has been compounded by divergent expert recommendations regarding the grading of invasive prostate cancers as...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 24, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Testicular Tumors: A Contemporary Update on Morphologic, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Testicular tumors are incredibly diverse and one of the most challenging areas in surgical pathology. Because of the rarity and overlapping features with numerous entities occurring in the testis and paratestis, these tumors pose a diagnostic challenge even to the most experienced general pathologists. In 2016, the latest “World Health Organization (WHO) classification of testicular tumors” was released, which incorporated several updates to the previous 2004 classification system. These updates involved several entities, including germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, tumors containing both germ cells and sex-cor...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 24, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Eosinophilic Vacuolated Tumor of the Kidney: A Review of Evolving Concepts in This Novel Subtype With Additional Insights From a Case With MTOR Mutation and Concomitant Chromosome 1 Loss
We present an integrated view of EVT as well as cues that can assist in the differential diagnosis. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 24, 2021 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
