One Actor, Many Roles: Histopathologies Associated With: APOL1: Genetic Variants
Genetic variants in APOL1, encoding apolipoprotein L1, are major drivers of glomerular disease in peoples of sub-Saharan African descent. APOL1-associated primary glomerular diseases include focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathies, and arterionephrosclerosis. Other conditions where APOL1 variants affect outcomes include membranous nephropathy, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, preeclampsia, and kidney transplant. In focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, APOL1 variants are associated with upregulation of RNA encoding chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 3 ligands and ubiquitin ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
The Implementation of an Introductory Surgical Pathology Didactic Series to Transition First Year Residents and Facilitate Upper Level Resident Teaching
The increasing complexity of the practice of pathology and health care in general requires that pathology residents acquire a vast number of skills during their training. This has been reflected by the broad range of skills addressed in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones. In order to address some of these milestones, our residency program instituted an introductory didactic series in surgical pathology that focused on 2 objectives. First, the didactics provided basic grossing and histology training to first year residents transitioning from medical school. Second, the sessions allow...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
New and Emerging Biomarkers in Endocrine Pathology
Significant advances in genomics and molecular genetics in recent years have reshaped the practice of endocrine pathology. Pan-genomic studies, including the pioneering ones on papillary thyroid carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, provided a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis of endocrine tumors into distinct molecularly defined subtypes. Better understanding of the molecular landscape and more accurate definition of biological behavior has been accordingly achieved. Nevertheless, how any of these advances are translated into routine...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Epithelioid Vascular Tumors: A Review
Vascular tumors are a diagnostically challenging area. This is particularly true in the case of epithelioid vascular tumors. Not only is the distinction between different epithelioid vascular tumors challenging, but also the differential diagnosis may be substantially expanded by the inclusion of melanoma, carcinomas, and other epithelioid soft tissue tumors. Recently developed immunohistochemical markers and more comprehensive genetic characterizations continue to advance our understanding of epithelioid vascular tumors. The present paper briefly reviews and updates basic concepts with regard to the following epithelioid ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Iatrogenic Disease of the Genitourinary Tract
The objective of this review is to cover iatrogenic inflammatory diseases, pseudotumors and tumors of the kidney, bladder, prostate, testis and paratestis of most interest to surgical pathologists. For this reason, disease caused by the following will not be covered: iatrogenic glomerulonephritis, self-inflicted injury including the introduction of foreign bodies, surgical error, drugs of abuse and herbal medications, and iatrogenic disease in the transplant setting including ischemia/reperfusion injury. Emphasis is placed upon commonly encountered diseases in order to ensure that the review is of utility to practicing pat...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Review of Drug-induced Injury in Mucosal Biopsies From the Tubular Gastrointestinal Tract
The use of prescription and over-the-counter medications is on the rise in the US population, especially among those aged 65 and over, with over 46% of the population taking at least 1 prescription medication. Given the frequency of medication use, and that the majority of these medications are taken orally, it has become increasingly relevant for pathologist examining endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal tract mucosal biopsies to consider and recognize patterns of mucosal injury associated with various drugs. Reports on injuries associated with certain classes of drugs can be scattered among different sources, making ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 11, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Anaplastic Kaposi’s Sarcoma of the Adrenal in an HIV-negative Patient With Literature Review
We report a case of anaplastic retroperitoneal KS, occurring in an HIV-negative adult man. This patient presented with a huge left suprarenal mass, which was totally resected, and initially diagnosed as inflammatory leiomyosarcoma, because of the monomorphic spindle cell tumor morphology. After 12 years the tumor recurred locally as an unresectable mass, which was biopsied and examined. At the time of recurrence, the histologic slides of the primary tumor were reviewed, and the previous diagnosis was changed to that of atypical KS. Histologically the recurrent tumor showed both spindle cell and epithelioid appearances. Str...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: AMR Series Source Type: research
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC): An Update
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is the second most common type of renal carcinoma following clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Papillary renal cell carcinoma is usually divided histologically into 2 types namely, type 1 and type 2. This classification, however, is unsatisfactory as many of papillary carcinoma are unclassifiable by the existing criteria. In recent years there has been a remarkable progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of PRCC. These studies have revealed that type 2 PRCCs represent a heterogenous group which may be subdivided into additional subtypes based on the genetic and molecular mak...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Update on Molecular Testing for Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and ultrasonography are the most common modalities for the diagnosis and follow up of thyroid nodules. FNAB is able to distinguish benign from malignant nodules with high sensitivity and specificity; however, 20% to 30% of nodules are diagnosed as indeterminate with a risk of malignancy varying from 10% to 75% based on the 2017 revision of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Molecular tests are being increasingly used to triage this group of nodules. Several molecular tests are commercially available and newer upgrades are being developed to either “rule in” or ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorders: What’s New in the Revised 4th Edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms
Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders remain a challenging aspect of dermatopathology, in part due to the rarity of the entities and extreme variability in clinical outcomes. Although many of the entities remain unchanged, the approach to some of them has changed in the new 2016 classification scheme of the World Health Organization. Chief among these are Epstein-Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative disorders such as Epstein-Barr virus–associated mucocutaneous ulcer and hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder, primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma, primary cutan...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Salivary Gland Fine Needle Aspiration and Introduction of the Milan Reporting System
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a well-established procedure for the diagnosis and management of salivary gland lesions despite challenges imposed by their diversity, complexity, and cytomorphologic overlap. Until recently, the reporting of salivary gland FNA specimens was inconsistent among different institutions throughout the world, leading to diagnostic confusion among pathologists and clinicians. In 2015, an international group of pathologists initiated the development of an evidence-based tiered classification system for reporting salivary gland FNA specimens designated the “Milan System for Reporting Salivary Glan...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Goblet Cell Carcinoid/Carcinoma: An Update
Goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) or goblet cell carcinoma is a unique mixed endocrine-exocrine neoplasm that is almost exclusively seen in the appendix. The hallmark of GCC is the concentric infiltration of the appendiceal wall by small tight clusters, nests or cords of tumor cells that exhibit a goblet cell morphology with a small compressed nucleus and conspicuous intracytoplasmic mucin. The coexistence of high-grade adenocarcinoma with GCC has been increasingly recognized as a common finding, which has been called adenocarcinoma ex GCC or mixed GCC-adenocarcinoma. A number of studies have shown that it is the high-grade aden...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - February 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Paget’s “Seed and Soil” Theory of Cancer Metastasis: An Idea Whose Time has Come
The concept that the pattern of metastatic spread of cancer is not random and that cancer cells exhibit preferences when metastasizing to organs, dates back to 1889 when Steven Paget published his “seed and soil” hypothesis. He proposed that the spread of tumor cells is governed by interaction and cooperation between the cancer cells (seed) and the host organ (soil). Extensive studies during the last several decades have provided a better understanding of the process of metastatic spread of cancer and several stages such as intravasation, extravasation, tumor latency, and development of micrometastasis and macrometasta...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - December 7, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Selected Case From the Arkadi M. Rywlin International Pathology Slide Seminar: Atypical Thymoma With Rhabdomyomatous Differentiation
Thymic epithelial neoplasms with foci of rhabdomyomatous differentiation are rare. A case is presented of a primary thymic epithelial neoplasm showing the features of an atypical spindle cell thymoma that contained foci of bland-appearing rhabdomyomatous cells. The histologic and immunohistochemical features of this tumor are discussed along with a review of the literature and the comments from the AMR members to the case. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - December 7, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: AMR Series Source Type: research
Circulating Tumor Cells: Overview and Opportunities in Cytology
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have long been assumed to be the substrate of cancer metastasis. However, only in recent years have we begun to leverage the potential of CTCs found in minimally invasive peripheral blood specimens to improve care for cancer patients. Currently, CTC enumeration is an accepted prognostic indicator for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer; however, CTC enumeration remains largely a research tool. More recently, the focus has shifted to CTC characterization and isolation which holds great promise for predictive testing. This review summarizes the relevant clinical, biological, and technical b...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - December 7, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
