Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinomas: A Review
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas belong to a group of neoplasms that remain incompletely understood. They are rare tumors of the bronchopulmonary system that incorporate a wide range of neoplasms that by definition contain a sarcomatoid component characterized by spindle or giant cells. Such classification has led to a heterogenous tumor category that includes neoplasms with different clinical, morphologic, and prognostic features. To date, the histopathologic diagnosis of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas does not require the use of ancillary testing and is based on light microscopic criteria alone. However, with recent ad...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 11, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Unfavorable Pathology, Tissue Biomarkers and Genomic Tests With Clinical Implications in Prostate Cancer Management
Prostate cancer management has traditionally relied upon risk stratification of patients based on Gleason score, pretreatment prostate-specific antigen and clinical tumor stage. However, these factors alone do not adequately reflect the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Accurate and individualized risk stratification at the time of diagnosis is instrumental to facilitate clinical decision-making and treatment selection tailored to each patient. The incorporation of tissue and genetic biomarkers into current prostate cancer prediction models may optimize decision-making and improve patient outcomes. ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 11, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Disclosure of Harmful Medical Error to Patients: A Review With Recommendations for Pathologists Erratum
No abstract available (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
Cutaneous Smooth Muscle Tumors: A Review
Smooth muscle tumors occur infrequently in the skin. They consist of a diverse group of lesions representing hamartomas as well as benign and malignant neoplasms. They may arise from arrector pili muscle, specialized smooth muscle of the genitalia, or vascular smooth muscle. Although rare, accurate diagnosis and classification of cutaneous smooth muscle proliferations is important as they can exhibit a range of clinical behavior and may be associated with underlying syndromes. This review summarizes the clinicopathologic spectrum of smooth muscle tumors involving the skin. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
An Update on the Clinicopathologic Features and Pathologic Diagnosis of Hepatitis E in Liver Specimens
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is globally seen a leading cause of hepatitis. Now increasingly recognized also in industrialized countries, hepatitis E constitutes a significant health problem worldwide. The patient’s immune status determines the clinical course and histopathology of hepatitis E. In immunocompetent patients, hepatitis E usually follows an asymptomatic or subclinical course, but may also present with acute hepatitis. In contrast, immunocompromised patients may develop chronic hepatitis, and patients with preexisting liver diseases are at risk for liver decompensation with potentially fatal out...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Recent Advances in the Classification of Low-grade Papillary-like Thyroid Neoplasms and Aggressive Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: Evolution of Diagnostic Criteria
Papillary thyroid carcinomas account for ∼80% of well-differentiated thyroid tumors. During the past decade, several new variants of papillary-like thyroid neoplasms and papillary thyroid carcinomas have been recognized. Some of these neoplasms that were previously classified as malignant have been reclassified as low-grade neoplasms, as the diagnostic criteria have evolved. Similarly, some of the papillary thyroid carcinomas that were previously classified as conventional or classic papillary thyroid carcinomas have now been recognized as more aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Recognizing these differ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Atypical Hepatocellular Neoplasms: Review of Clinical, Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, Molecular, and Cytogenetic Features
The distinction of hepatocellular adenoma from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult in some cases, especially on biopsy specimens. These borderline cases often occur in men or older patients and may have β-catenin activation or focal atypical morphologic features (such as small cell change, prominent pseudoacinar formation, cytologic atypia, focally thick plates, and/or focal reticulin loss) that are insufficient for an unequivocal diagnosis of HCC. The term “atypical hepatocellular neoplasm” has been advocated for these tumors, but a number of other terms, including “atypical adenoma,...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Pathologic Features of Infectious Gastritis
This manuscript presents a review of infectious causes of gastritis aimed at the practicing anatomic pathologist. We shall highlight unique histologic findings and clinical attributes that will assist those analyzing endoscopically obtained mucosal biopsies of the stomach or resection specimens. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Surgical Pathology Practice
There have been rapid and significant advances in diagnostic and predictive molecular techniques in recent years with profound impact on patient care. In situ hybridization (ISH) studies have become well entrenched in surgical pathology practice and their role in the evaluation of HER2 in breast carcinoma and their diagnostic utility in soft tissue pathology are well known. Fluorescent ISH is being increasingly used in other sites such as the head and neck and the gynecologic tract. Like most tests in surgical pathology, ISH studies require good quality tissue, correlation with clinical and histopathologic findings, and ad...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Tumor Syndromes Predisposing to Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor affecting predominantly adolescents and young adults. It accounts for about 5% of all childhood cancers. Although the majority of OSs are sporadic, a small percentage occur as a component of hereditary cancer syndromes. Early onset, bilateral, multifocal, and metachronous tumors suggest genetic predisposition. The inheritance patterns can be autosomal dominant or recessive. These syndromes predispose to a wide variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cancers with propensity for certain mutations being prevalent in specific cancer subtypes. Li-Fraumeni syndrome, retinobla...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 8, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Extraneuraxial Hemangioblastoma: Clinicopathologic Features and Review of the Literature
Extraneuraxial hemangioblastoma occurs in nervous paraneuraxial structures, somatic tissues, and visceral organs, as part of von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHLD) or in sporadic cases. The VHL gene plausibly plays a key role in the initiation and tumorigenesis of both central nervous system and extraneuraxial hemangioblastoma, therefore, the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms of the tumor growth are initially reviewed. The clinical criteria for the diagnosis of VHLD are summarized, with emphasis on the distinction of sporadic hemangioblastoma from the form fruste of VHLD (eg, hemangioblastoma-only VHLD). The world lite...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 13, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Molecular and Metabolic Basis of Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogenous group of tumors,>70% of which belong to the category of clear cell carcinoma. In recent years, crucial advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular and metabolic basis of clear cell carcinoma. This tumor manifests significant alterations in the cellular metabolism, so that the tumor cells preferentially induce the hypoxia response pathway using aerobic glycolysis, rather than the normal oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Most of the clear cell carcinomas (sporadic as well as familial) have mutations and deletions in the VHL gene located at 3p (p3.25). Normall...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 13, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
HPV-related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma: A Review of Clinical and Pathologic Features With Emphasis on Updates in Clinical and Pathologic Staging
There has been a sharp increase in the incidence of the human papilloma virus–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, partly due to the increasingly widespread awareness and recognition of this entity. This review assimilates the recent histopathologic classifications, staging systems, rapidly expanding research base and developments in management of human papilloma virus–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and summarizes their implications for routine diagnostic practice. Differential diagnoses and their cytologic appearances are detailed and the utility of p16 staining and other immunohistochemistry ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 13, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Hobnail, Tall Cell, Columnar, and Solid
Papillary thyroid carcinomas are the most common endocrine cancer and are usually associated with good survival. However, some variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas may behave more aggressively than classic papillary thyroid carcinomas. The tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common aggressive variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The aggressive behavior has been ascribed to the histologic subtype and/or to the clinicopathologic features, an issue that remains controversial. The columnar variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma can be aggressive, particularly in older patients, with larger tumor...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 13, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Incorporating Advances in Molecular Pathology Into Brain Tumor Diagnostics
Recent advances in molecular pathology have reshaped the practice of brain tumor diagnostics. The classification of gliomas has been restructured with the discovery of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1/2 mutations in the vast majority of lower grade infiltrating gliomas and secondary glioblastomas (GBM), with IDH-mutant astrocytomas further characterized by TP53 and ATRX mutations. Whole-arm 1p/19q codeletion in conjunction with IDH mutations now define oligodendrogliomas, which are also enriched for CIC, FUBP1, PI3K, NOTCH1, and TERT-p mutations. IDH-wild-type (wt) infiltrating astrocytomas are mostly primary GBMs and are ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - April 13, 2018 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
