Primary Mediastinal Nodal and Extranodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Current Concepts, Historical Evolution, and Useful Diagnostic Approach: Part 2
Primary mediastinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (PM-NHLs) represent ∼5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and comprise lymphomas of B-cell and T-cell origin. PM-NHLs are defined as involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes, thymus, and/or mediastinal organs (heart, lung, pleura, pericardium) by NHL without evidence of systemic disease at presentation. The clinical scenario is variable and depends on the lymphoma subtype. The radiologic presentation is also variable ranging from a mediastinal mass with or without superior vena cava syndrome, a pleural or a cardiac mass associated with effusion, or as an effusion only. The diagno...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Primary Mediastinal Nodal and Extranodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Current Concepts, Historical Evolution, and Useful Diagnostic Approach: Part 1
Primary mediastinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (PM-NHLs) represent ~5% of all NHLs and comprise lymphomas of B-cell and T-cell origin. PM-NHLs are defined as involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes, thymus, and/or mediastinal organs (heart, lung, pleura, pericardium) by NHL without evidence of systemic disease at presentation. The clinical scenario is variable and depends on the lymphoma subtype. The radiologic presentation is also variable ranging from a mediastinal mass with or without superior vena cava syndrome, a pleural or a cardiac mass associated with an effusion, or as an effusion only. The diagnosis of PM-NHLs can only...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Thymic Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Thymic mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a rare tumor that remains poorly characterized and a diagnostic challenge. The aim of this review is to characterize this tumor in a larger cohort of patients using all the available cases in the literature. We systematically searched the PubMed and Scopus database for primary thymic mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A total of 24 studies were included in the final analysis. A total of 41 patients were identified; 23 (56.1%) were male and 18 (43.9%) were female. Mean age was 49.8±21.3 years. Mean tumor size was 7.6±3.5 cm. Twenty (66.7%) were low grade and 8 (26.7%) were high grade. In total,...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - October 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
A Comprehensive Review of Ovarian Serous Carcinoma
Although ovarian serous carcinoma is a well-studied human gynecologic malignancy, this high-grade tumor remains fatal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the accumulated evidence on serous malignant tumors and to clarify the unresolved issues. We discuss the 8 dichotomies of serous carcinoma: high grade versus low grade, ovarian versus extraovarian primary, extrauterine versus uterine primary, sporadic versus hereditary, orthodox versus alternative histology, p53 overexpression versus complete absence of immunophenotype, TP53-mutated versus intact precursor, and therapy responsive versus refractory. In additio...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor of Soft Tissue of the Foot: Report of a Case With Review of the Literature
We report a case of a PMT in a young adult male who presented in 2007 with the classic constellation of signs and symptoms. A small soft-tissue tumor was detected in his right heel, 3 years after exhaustively seeking for it by various imaging techniques performed at different institutions. Before the tumor was detected, attempts to manage this patient’s osteomalacia with phosphate and vitamin D (both calcitriol and ergocalciferol) supplementation were unsuccessful. Following surgical resection, the patient experienced prompt correction of the phosphaturia and gradual reconstitution of his bone mineralization. The patholo...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: AMR Series Source Type: research
Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ (CIS): New Insights
Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a high-grade noninvasive malignancy with a high tendency of progression. Although it is typically grouped with other nonmuscle invasive bladder cancers, its higher grade and aggressiveness make it a unique clinical entity. Urothelial CIS is histologically characterized by replacement of the urothelium by cells which fulfill the morphologic criteria of malignancy including nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli, and increased numbers of normal and abnormal mitoses. Urothelial CIS may be categorized as primary when it is not associated with any past or present urothelia...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Celiac Disease: Updates on Pathology and Differential Diagnosis
Celiac disease is a gluten-triggered immune-mediated disorder, characterized by inflammation of the enteric mucosa following lymphocytic infiltration and eventually resulting in villous blunting. There have been many developments in refining diagnostic laboratory tests for celiac disease in the last decade. Biopsy-sparing diagnostic guidelines have been proposed and validated in a few recent prospective studies. However, despite these developments, histologic evaluation of duodenal mucosa remains one of the most essential diagnostic tools as it helps in the diagnosis of celiac disease in individuals who do not fulfill the ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Utility of Cyclin D1 in the Diagnostic Workup of Hematopoietic Neoplasms: What Can Cyclin D1 Do for Us?
Cyclin D1, encoded by CCND1, promotes cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. Its expression is induced by MAPK/ERK pathway as well as translocations/rearrangements involving CCND1 gene. The evaluation of cyclin D1 expression by immunohistochemistry plays an important role in the diagnostic workup of various hematopoietic diseases. In this review, we aimed to discuss the value of cyclin D1 immunostain in the diagnosis and different diagnosis of hematopoietic neoplasms. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - August 9, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Determination of Mismatch Repair Status in Human Cancer and Its Clinical Significance: Does One Size Fit All?
The clinical management of cancers has progressed rapidly into the immunopathology era, with the unprecedented histology-agnostic approval of pembrolizumab in mismatch repair (MMR) deficient tumors. Despite the significant recent achievements in the treatment of these patients, however, the identification of clinically relevant subclasses of cancers based on the MMR status remains a major challenge. Many investigations have assessed the role of different diagnostic tools, including immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability, and tumor mutational burden in both prognostic and therapeutic settings, with heterogenous re...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Non-Neoplastic and Benign Tumoral Lesions of the Thymic Gland: A Review and Update
The thymus is a dynamic organ that undergoes changes throughout life and can demonstrate a myriad of pathologic alterations. A number of benign entities of the thymus prove to be diagnostic dilemmas owing to their resemblance and association with true thymic tumors. These are usually discovered incidentally on routine imaging and most patients are either asymptomatic or present with signs and symptoms of compression of adjacent organs. The radiologic appearance of these lesions varies from simple cysts to complex masses that are suspicious for malignancy. The diagnosis is usually made purely on morphologic grounds, however...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Intrinsic Molecular Subclassification of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Are We Finally there?
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease throughout the world usually encountered in older patients, and associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The treatment of bladder cancer has remained unchanged for the last several decades. However, in recent years the availability of comprehensive genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and other large projects have considerably improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors. These studies demonstrated that bladder cancers can be grouped into 2 broad categories namely basal and luminal molecular subtypes with recognizable subgroups in each o...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Well-differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Larynx: Confusion of Terminology and Uncertainty of Early Studies
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (also known as “carcinoid”) of the larynx is an exceedingly rare tumor that has an epithelial origin. These tumors are malignant and have a low, but definite, risk of metastasis. Although it can be challenging, this tumor should be differentiated from moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (also known as “atypical carcinoid”). The clinical and pathologic features of this tumor, as well as treatment and prognosis, are reviewed in detail. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Pathogenesis of Testicular Germ Cell Neoplasia: A Conceptual Approach
Testicular germ cell tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms, consisting of the prepubertal type 1 tumors, pure teratoma, and pure yolk sac tumor, the type 2 tumors, which are biologically malignant, preceded by germ cell neoplasia in situ, and harbor chromosome 12p abnormalities, and the type 3 tumor, spermatocytic tumor, which features chromosome 9p amplification.1 These arise in distinct clinical settings, and harbor distinct genetic abnormalities, immunohistochemical properties, and morphologic features. Here we have attempted to unify embryology, morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics in order to distill this ...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Fibrosing/Sclerosing Lesions of the Mediastinum: A Review
Fibrosing lesions of the mediastinum represent a small but challenging group of lesions that range in etiology from infectious to idiopathic to neoplastic. The diagnosis of such lesions becomes more challenging in the setting of mediastinoscopic biopsies. In addition, over the years, there has been further accumulation of knowledge of the clinical aspects of these lesions that needs to be incorporated into their evaluation. Therefore, it is essential that in the general evaluation of these fibrosing processes, one not only carefully examines the histopathologic features of the lesion, that of a fibroinflammatory process wi...
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
Evaluation of Breast and Axillary Lymph Node Specimens in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy
This article reviews the key issues regarding the gross and microscopic evaluation of post-neoadjuvant systemic therapy breast and lymph node specimens, and emphasizes the importance of accurate specimen evaluation in assessing treatment response. (Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology)
Source: Advances in Anatomic Pathology - June 12, 2019 Category: Pathology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research
