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Source: Frontiers in Immunology
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Total 269 results found since Jan 2013.
Perturbations to Homeostasis in Experimental Models Revealed Innate Pathways Driving Food Allergy
While type 2 immunity has been conventionally viewed as beneficial against helminths, venoms, and poisons, and harmful in allergy, contemporary research has uncovered its critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The initiation of a type 2 immune response involves an intricate crosstalk between structural and immune cells. Structural cells react to physical and chemical tissue perturbations by secreting alarmins, which signal the innate immune system to restore homeostasis. This pathway acts autonomously in the context of sterile injury and in the presence of foreign antigen initiates an adaptive Th2 response that i...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 10, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Methods to Detect MHC-Specific IgE in Mice and Men
Humoral immunity is a major barrier limiting long-term outcome after organ transplantation. Especially, the production of antibodies directed against donor HLA/MHC antigens (i.e. donor-specific antibodies (DSA)) leading to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is considered to be a major factor negatively affecting allograft survival. DSAs of the IgG isotype are routinely measured in transplant patients. However, not all patients diagnosed with IgG-DSA develop ABMR events. Therefore, research in better understanding the mechanisms of ABMR is of great importance. We recently demonstrated the production of MHC-specific IgE upon...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 8, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Insights Into Mucosal Innate Immune Responses in House Dust Mite-Mediated Allergic Asthma
The prevalence of asthma has been rising steadily for several decades, and continues to be a major public health and global economic burden due to both direct and indirect costs. Asthma is defined as chronic heterogeneous inflammatory diseases characterized by airway obstruction, mucus production and bronchospasm. Different endotypes of asthma are being recognized based on the distinct pathophysiology, genetic predisposition, age, prognosis, and response to remedies. Mucosal innate response to environmental triggers such as pollen, cigarette smoke, fragrances, viral infection, and house dust mite (HDM) are now recognized t...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 7, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Role of the Intestinal Epithelium and Its Interaction With the Microbiota in Food Allergy
The intestinal epithelial tract forms a dynamic lining of the digestive system consisting of a range of epithelial cell sub-types with diverse functions fulfilling specific niches. The intestinal epithelium is more than just a physical barrier regulating nutrient uptake, rather it plays a critical role in homeostasis through its intrinsic innate immune function, pivotal regulation of antigen sensitization, and a bi-directional interplay with the microbiota that evolves with age. In this review we will discuss these functions of the epithelium in the context of food allergy.
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 7, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Eosinophils in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Road to Fibrostenosis is Paved With Good Intentions
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an antigen-driven disease associated with epithelial barrier dysfunction and chronic type 2 inflammation. Eosinophils are the defining feature of EoE histopathology but relatively little is known about their role in disease onset and progression. Classically defined as destructive, end-stage effector cells, eosinophils (a resident leukocyte in most of the GI tract) are increasingly understood to play roles in local immunity, tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and repair. Indeed, asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia is observed in IgE-mediated food allergy. Interestingly, EoE is a potential co...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 1, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Basophils and Eosinophils in Nematode Infections
Helminths remain one of the most prolific pathogens in the world. Following infection helminths interact with various epithelial cell surfaces, including skin, lung, and gut. Recent works have shown that epithelial cells produce a series of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 that lead to the induction of innate and acquired type 2 immune responses, which we named Type 2 epithelial cytokines. Although basophils and eosinophils are relatively rare granulocytes under normal conditions (0.5% and 5% in peripheral blood, respectively), both are found with increased frequency in type 2 immunity, including allergy and helmin...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 27, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Shaping Modern Vaccines: Adjuvant Systems Using MicroCrystalline Tyrosine (MCT ®)
The concept of adjuvants or adjuvant systems, used in vaccines, exploit evolutionary relationships associated with how the immune system may initially respond to a foreign antigen or pathogen, thus mimicking natural exposure. This is particularly relevant during the non-specific innate stage of the immune response; as such, the quality of this response may dictate specific adaptive responses and conferred memory/protection to that specific antigen or pathogen. Therefore, adjuvants may optimise this response in the most appropriate way for a specific disease. The most commonly used traditional adjuvants are aluminium salts;...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Is a Candidate Predictive Biomarker for Successful Allergen Immunotherapy
ConclusionSerum LTA4H may be a potential biomarker for early prediction of an effective AIT.
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 24, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Toll-Like Receptor Agonists as Adjuvants for Allergen Immunotherapy
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immunity and provide defensive inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. Located within the plasma membranes of cells and also intracellular endosomes, TLRs can detect a range of pathogen associated molecular patterns from bacteria, viruses and fungi. TLR activation on dendritic cells can propagate to an adaptive immune response, making them attractive targets for the development of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. In contrast to conventional adjuvants such as aluminium salts, TLR agonists have a clear immunomodulatory profile that favours anti-al...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 12, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Immunological Outcomes of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Food Allergy
IgE-mediated food allergies are caused by adverse immunologic responses to food proteins. Allergic reactions may present locally in different tissues such as skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract and may result is systemic life-threatening reactions. During the last decades, the prevalence of food allergies has significantly increased throughout the world, and considerable efforts have been made to develop curative therapies. Food allergen immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for food allergies that is based on the administration of increasing doses of culprit food extracts, or purified, and sometime mo...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 3, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Immune Monitoring of Patients With Primary Immune Regulation Disorders Unravels Higher Frequencies of Follicular T Cells With Different Profiles That Associate With Alterations in B Cell Subsets
Primary immune regulation disorders lead to autoimmunity, allergy and inflammatory conditions due to defects in the immune homeostasis affecting different T, B and NK cell subsets. To improve our understanding of these conditions, in this work we analyzed the T and B cell compartments of 15 PID patients with dysregulation, including 3 patients with STAT1 GOF mutation, 7 patients with CVID with dysregulation, 3 patients with mutations in CTLA4, 1 patient with CD25 mutation and 1 patient with STAT5b mutation and compared them with healthy donors and with CVID patients without dysregulation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the pat...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - October 29, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
PI3K γ Regulatory Protein p84 Determines Mast Cell Sensitivity to Ras Inhibition—Moving Towards Cell Specific PI3K Targeting?
Mast cells are the major effector cells in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy. The high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI, as well as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the mast cell surface signals to phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) to initiate degranulation, cytokine release, and chemotaxis. PI3Kγ is therefore considered as a target for treatment of allergic disorders. However, leukocyte PI3Kγ is key to many functions in innate and adaptive immunity, and attenuation of host defense mechanisms is an expected adverse effect that complicates treatment of chronic illnesses. PI3Kγ operates as a p110γ/p84 or p110...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - October 28, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Precision Medicine in Hymenoptera Venom Allergy: Diagnostics, Biomarkers, and Therapy of Different Endotypes and Phenotypes
Allergic reactions to stings of Hymenoptera species may be severe and are potentially fatal deviations of the immunological response observed in healthy individuals. However, venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT) is an immunomodulatory approach able to cure venom allergy in the majority of affected patients. An appropriate therapeutic intervention and the efficacy of VIT not only depend on a conclusive diagnosis, but might also be influenced by the patient-specific manifestation of the disease. As with other diseases, it should be borne in mind that there are different endotypes and phenotypes of venom allergy, each of which ...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - October 22, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
The Impact of Milk and Its Components on Epigenetic Programming of Immune Function in Early Life and Beyond: Implications for Allergy and Asthma
In this study, we focus on the effects of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, the effects of the bioactive components in human and bovine milk, and the environmental factors that can affect early life (i.e., farming, milk processing, and bacterial exposure), and which contribute to the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the persistent programming of immune functions and allergic diseases. This knowledge will help to improve approaches to nutrition in early life and help prevent allergies in the future.
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - October 21, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
The History of Carbohydrates in Type I Allergy
Although first described decades ago, the relevance of carbohydrate specific antibodies as mediators of type I allergy had not been recognized until recently. Previously, allergen specific IgE antibodies binding to carbohydrate epitopes were considered to demonstrate a clinically irrelevant cross-reactivity. However, this changed following the discovery of type I allergies specifically mediated by oligosaccharide structures. Especially the emerging understanding of red meat allergy characterized by IgE directed to the oligosaccharide alpha-gal showed that carbohydrate-mediated reactions can result in life threatening syste...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - October 9, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
