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Pediatric airway anatomy may not be what we thought: implications for clinical practice and the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes
Summary One of the long held tenets of pediatric anesthesia has been the notion that the pediatric airway is conical shape with the narrowest area being the cricoid region. However, recent studies using radiologic imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) or direct bronchoscopic observation have questioned this suggesting that the narrowest segment may be at or just below the glottic opening. More importantly, it has been clearly demonstrated that the airway is elliptical in shape rather than circular with the anterior–posterior dimension being greater than the transverse dimension. These fi...
Source: Pediatric Anesthesia - September 20, 2014 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Joseph D. Tobias Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

US Emergency Department Use by Children, 2001–2010
Conclusions: The use of ED by children is growing faster than population growth, and the intensity of ED care has risen sharply. Hispanic children and Medicaid beneficiaries represent the fastest growing populations of children using the ED.
Source: Pediatric Emergency Care - September 1, 2014 Category: Emergency Medicine Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Posttraumatic Cysts After Pediatric Fracture
Conclusions: Although postfracture pediatric cysts are apparently rare, we feel that there is sufficient literature to support that there is no longer any need for advanced imaging modalities to diagnose these lesions in the setting of an appropriate history without confounding variables and classic radiographic appearance. Biopsy, in particular, is decidedly unnecessary, unless the lesion progresses on subsequent radiographs or demonstrates more overtly aggressive initial features. Clinical Relevance: This will allow for faster diagnosis with substantially less burden on the health care system and decreased the stress tha...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics - April 1, 2013 Category: Orthopaedics Tags: Trauma Source Type: research

Long-term survival with growth hormone replacement after liver transplantation of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis complicating acquired hypopituitarism.
We describe here a pediatric patient with NASH associated with hypopituitarism who underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). An 11-year-old boy was diagnosed with a pituitary tumor, which was removed by trans-interhemispheric approach following bifrontal craniotomy. Histopathological examination revealed a mature teratoma. Eighteen months later, magnetic resonance imaging showed recurrence of the pituitary tumor, which was found to be a germinoma. He underwent 3 months of chemoradiotherapy, with a complete response. He gradually became obese, with elevated transaminase levels. At age 15 years, he developed fatig...
Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine - March 8, 2015 Category: Research Authors: Fujio A, Kawagishi N, Echizenya T, Tokodai K, Nakanishi C, Miyagi S, Sato K, Fujimori K, Ohuchi N Tags: Tohoku J Exp Med Source Type: research

18FFDG PET/CT is useful in initial staging, restaging for pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma.
CONCLUSIONS: [18F]FDG PET/CT may be useful in staging and restaging pediatric RMS, especially for assessing secondary lesions with potential therapeutic strategy alteration. The significant high SUVmax of ARMS and more metastases may indicate worse prognosis which needs further study. This study confirms that [18F]FDG PET/CT is also valuable in therapeutic assessment and follow-up. PMID: 25996974 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - May 25, 2015 Category: Nuclear Medicine Tags: Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging Source Type: research

Clinical Efficacy of Herbal Medicine for Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations: A Pilot Study
ConclusionsThis preliminary study demonstrates the beneficial effects of TJ‐28. Further evaluations of this therapeutic modality are warranted.
Source: Pediatric Dermatology - January 17, 2016 Category: Dermatology Authors: Naoki Hashizume, Minoru Yagi, Hideaki Egami, Kimio Asagiri, Suguru Fukahori, Shinji Ishii, Nobuyuki Saikusa, Motomu Yoshida, Daisuke Masui, Yoshiaki Tanaka Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology
Accurate cardiovascular imaging is essential for the successful management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Echocardiography and angiography have been for long time the most important imaging modalities in pediatric cardiology, but nuclear medicine has contributed in many situations to the comprehension of physiological consequences of CHD, quantifying pulmonary blood flow symmetry or right-to-left shunting. In recent times, remarkable improvements in imaging equipments, particularly in multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have led to the progressive integration of high resoluti...
Source: Seminars in Nuclear Medicine - January 9, 2017 Category: Nuclear Medicine Authors: Ornella Milanesi, Giovanni Stellin, Pietro Zucchetta Source Type: research

Management of acute aortic dissection and thoracic aortic rupture
ConclusionsContinuous advances in imaging and treatment technologies are improving short- and long-term outcomes in patients with acute aortic syndrome. Knowledge and interest in intensive care medicine in this area are contributing to improved outcomes, and further research into this life-threatening disease will lead to improvements in diagnosis and management.
Source: Journal of Intensive Care - March 1, 2018 Category: Intensive Care Source Type: research

MR Imaging Evaluation of Pediatric Neck Masses:
This article discusses a variety of commonly encountered neck masses and lesions in the pediatric population, with an emphasis on up-to-date MR imaging techniques and key diagnostic features. Clear understanding of MR imaging findings of various congenital and acquired neck masses in the pediatric population has a great potential for accurate and timely diagnosis and optimal pediatric patient care.
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - March 23, 2019 Category: Radiology Authors: Karen Buch, Katherine L. Reinshagen, Amy F. Juliano Source Type: research

Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research. Neonatal encephalopathy clinical trials: developing the future.
This article provides a multidisciplinary perspective on the future of clinical trials in NE; novel trial design; study management and oversight; biostatistical methods; and a combination of serum, imaging, and neurodevelopmental biomarkers can advance the field and improve outcomes for infants affected by NE.Innovative clinical trial designs, new intermediate trial end points, and a trajectory of neurodevelopmental evaluations targeted to a prespecified and mechanistically derived hypothesis of drug action can help address common challenges in NE clinical trials and allow for faster selection and validation of promising t...
Source: Pediatric Research - March 26, 2020 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Benninger KL, Inder TE, Goodman AM, Cotten CM, Nordli DR, Shah TA, Slaughter JC, Maitre NL Tags: Pediatr Res Source Type: research

The Heterogeneity of Pediatric Knee Infections: A Retrospective Analysis
Conclusions: When considering a child with an irritable knee, a heterogeneity of potential underlying pathologies and combinations of pathologies are possible. Importantly, the age of the patient and CRP can guide a clinician when considering further workup. Older patients with a higher admission CRP value warrant an immediate magnetic resonance imaging, as they are likely to have osteomyelitis, which was associated with worse outcomes when compared with patients with isolated septic arthritis. Level of Evidence: Level III—retrospective research study.
Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics - June 6, 2020 Category: Orthopaedics Tags: Selected Topics Source Type: research

Case Report: Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp. in an Immunocompetent Pediatric Patient
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 May 10:tpmd210129. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0129. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTGranulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) caused by Acanthamoeba is a rare infection with central nervous system (CNS) involvement usually with fatal consequences. Currently, information regarding GAE in children is scarce and is limited only to case reports and case series. A 13-year-old immunocompetent male patient with a 6-month history of progressive and intermittent headaches presented to our institution. One week before hospital admission, the patient showed signs of CNS involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed ...
Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - May 10, 2021 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Denisse Vaquera Aparicio Jos é Iván Castillo Bejarano Abiel Mascare ñas de Los Santos Sergio Ram írez-Cortinas Manuel de la O Cavazos Source Type: research