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Specialty: Neurology
Infectious Disease: Meningitis

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Total 151 results found since Jan 2013.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature
Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection include encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and stroke [1], both as a result of direct viral invasion of the central nervous system [2 –5] and as a consequence of critical illness and systemic infection [6]. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may also cause significant changes in endothelial morphology, including disruption of intercellular junctions, cell swelling, and a loss of contact with the basal membrane [7].
Source: Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases - July 29, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Pria Anand, K. H.Vincent Lau, David Y Chung, Deepti Virmani, Anna M. Cervantes-Arslanian, Asim Mian, Courtney E. Takahashi Source Type: research

HIF-1 α is involved in blood–brain barrier dysfunction and paracellular migration of bacteria in pneumococcal meningitis
AbstractBacterial meningitis is a deadly disease most commonly caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae, leading to severe neurological sequelae including cerebral edema, seizures, stroke, and mortality when untreated. Meningitis is initiated by the transfer ofS. pneumoniae from blood to the brain across the blood –cerebrospinal fluid barrier or the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Current treatment strategies include adjuvant dexamethasone for inflammation and cerebral edema, followed by antibiotics. The success of dexamethasone is however inconclusive, ne cessitating new ther...
Source: Acta Neuropathologica - June 10, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Understanding the neurotropic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2: from neurological manifestations of COVID-19 to potential neurotropic mechanisms
AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by the novel betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic threat. The potential involvement of COVID-19 in central nervous system (CNS) has attracted considerable attention due to neurological manifestations presented throughout the disease process. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 is structurally similar to SARS-CoV, and both bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter human cells. Thus, cells expressing ACE2, such as neurons and glial cells may act as targets and are thus vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we have reviewed ...
Source: Journal of Neurology - May 25, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Guidelines for the Acute Treatment of Cerebral Edema in Neurocritical Care Patients
ConclusionThe available evidence suggests hyperosmolar therapy may be helpful in reducing ICP elevations or cerebral edema in patients with SAH, TBI, AIS, ICH, and HE, although neurological outcomes do not appear to be affected. Corticosteroids appear to be helpful in reducing cerebral edema in patients with bacterial meningitis, but not ICH. Differences in therapeutic response and safety may exist between HTS and mannitol. The use of these agents in these critical clinical situations merits close monitoring for adverse effects. There is a dire need for high-quality research to better inform clinicians of the best options ...
Source: Neurocritical Care - May 14, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Review on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Semin Neurol DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702942Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a clinical–radiologic diagnosis that affects children and adolescents, but it is much more frequently reported in adults. Clinically, patients present with severe and commonly recurrent thunderclap headaches. Typical precipitating triggers include vasoactive substances, serotonergic agents, and the postpartum period. There may be associated neurologic complications at presentation or in the weeks following, such as convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, cerebral edema, cervical artery dissection (CeAD), and seizures. Angio...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - February 19, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Qubty, William Irwin, Samantha Lee Fox, Christine K. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Serial vessel wall MR imaging of pediatric tuberculous vasculitis
Vessel wall MR imaging may be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of vasculitic complications from CNS infections.
Source: Neurology Clinical Practice - December 8, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Song, J. W., Lehman, L., Rivkin, M., Gorman, M. P., Yang, E. Tags: Childhood stroke, MRI, Meningitis, Pediatric stroke; see Cerebrovascular Disease/ Childhood stroke Case Source Type: research

Predictive value of serum creatinine/cystatin C in neurocritically ill patients
ConclusionsSerum Cr/CysC ratio at admission could be used as a predictor of long ‐term poor prognosis in neurocritically ill patients.
Source: Brain and Behavior - November 7, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Shengnan Wang, Ling Xie, Jiawei Xu, Yanhong Hu, Yongming Wu, Zhenzhou Lin, Suyue Pan Tags: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Source Type: research

Infectious Etiologies of Stroke
Semin Neurol 2019; 39: 482-494 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687915Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a frequently underappreciated potential etiology of cerebrovascular disease. Highlighted in this review are a selection of infectious agents that lead to cerebrovascular complications through various mechanisms including multifocal vasculopathy, focal infiltrative vasculitis and vasospasm, and direct vessel wall invasion and thrombus formation. Diagnosis of stroke due to underlying CNS infection requires a high index of clinical suspicion and careful consideration of neuroimaging, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid studies in ...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - September 17, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Shulman, Julie G. Cervantes-Arslanian, Anna M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in neurology: a prospective cohort study of 1487 patients
ConclusionsDelirium is common in elder neurological patients and associated with worse outcome. Primary cerebral conditions most frequently precipitate delirium in neurology. Neurologists are advised to monitor symptoms of delirium in the presence of risk factors to enable both timely diagnostic work-up and management of delirium.
Source: Journal of Neurology - September 12, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

A Case of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Deep Venous Thrombosis Due to Hyperthyroidism with Increased Factor VIII Activity
A 48-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of headache and fever. She was diagnosed with aseptic meningitis. Five days later, she had a seizure and developed left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintensity in the right parietal area on fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging. She was diagnosed as having cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) because the suprasagittal sinus was invisible on the venographic studies. Moreover, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was detected in her left lower extremity.
Source: Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases - September 10, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Mutsumi Yokoyama, Ryotaro Yamashita, Masayuki Furuya, Maiko Yamazaki, Kazuo Koyama, Fumiaki Tanaka Tags: Case Report Source Type: research

Acute bacterial meningitis and stroke.
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acute bacterial meningitis remains a common disease, especially in developing countries. Although advances over the last century have improved mortality and morbidity, the neurological adverse effects remain high. Specifically, acute ischaemic stroke is a serious comorbidity that represents both disease severity and poor prognosis. This review presents the clinical connection between meningitis and stroke, and discusses the neuroinflammatory components that have direct ties between these diseases. STATE OF THE ART: Ischaemic stroke is the direct result of the inflammatory response produ...
Source: Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska - August 22, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Siegel J Tags: Neurol Neurochir Pol Source Type: research

Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections
Semin Neurol 2019; 39: 383-390 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687842Opportunistic infections of the central nervous system are classically associated with immunosuppression arising from infection with human immunodeficiency virus and with various hematologic malignancies. However, over the past few years, they are increasingly associated with transplantation and various immunosuppressive treatments used to treat autoimmune diseases. They cause significant morbidity and mortality and remain a diagnostic challenge due to the absence of typical signs and symptoms of infection and mimicry by various noninfectious causes. The pathogens a...
Source: Seminars in Neurology - August 1, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Agnihotri, Shruti P. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Clinical Improvement Following Stroke Promptly Reverses Post-stroke Cellular Immune Alterations
Conclusions: SIIA are detectable on admission of acute stroke patients. While it was assumed that post-stroke immunosuppression is rapidly reversed with improvement this is the first data set that shows that improvement actually is associated with a rapid reversal of SIIA demonstrating that SIIA require a constant signal to persist. The observation that HMGB-1 serum concentrations were similar in improved and non-improved cohorts argues against a role for this pro-inflammatory mediator in the maintenance of SIIA. Serum miRNA observed to be regulated in stroke in other publications was counter regulated with improvement in ...
Source: Frontiers in Neurology - April 30, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Neurological Involvement in Primary Systemic Vasculitis
Conclusion Neurological involvement is a common complication of PSV (Table 1), and neurologists play an important role in the identification and diagnosis of PSV patients with otherwise unexplained neurological symptoms as their chief complaint. This article summarizes the neurological manifestations of PSV and hopes to improve neuroscientists' understanding of this broad range of diseases. TABLE 1 Table 1. Common CNS and PNS involvements of primary systemic vasculitis. Author Contributions SZ conceived the article and wrote the manuscript. DY and GT reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors ...
Source: Frontiers in Neurology - April 25, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Response to Ajay Kumar Mishra, et al. Lacunar strokes in Cryptococcal meningitis.
We thank Dr. Ajay Kumar Mishra et al. for their postpublication commentaries highlighting the pathology of cryptococcal meningitis vasculopathy. The lack of neuroimaging in some of our patients reflects unavailable information on retrospectively collected data rather than an informed clinical decision. Some of our patients had inaccessible imaging due to referrals from other institutions or old archived records. We agreed with the need for brain imaging in most cases, especially in the presence of altered mental status, seizures, signs or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure; or with focal neurologic deficits.
Source: Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases - March 17, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Daniel Vela-Duarte, Eric Nyberg, Stefan Sillau, Amy Pate, Paula Castellanos, Daniel B. Chastain, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Andr és F. Henao-Martínez Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research