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Serum uric acid and diabetes: from pathophysiology to cardiovascular disease.
Abstract Hyperuricemia, has been traditionally related to nephrolithiasis and gout. However, it has also been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiologically, elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may be associated with abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism. In this narrative review, we consider the associations between hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Furthermore, we comment on the available evidence linking elevated SUA levels with the incidence and outcomes of coronary heart disease, stroke, per...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - January 4, 2021 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katsiki N, Dimitriadis GD, Mikhailidis DP Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

The role of microRNAs in the development of type 2 diabetes complications.
Abstract MicroRNAs represent a class of small (19-25 nucleotides) single-strand pieces of RNA, that are non-coding ones. They are synthesized by RNA polymerase II from transcripts which fold back on themselves. They mostly act as gene regulatory agents, that pair with complementary sequences on mRNA and produce silencing complexes, which in turn suppress coding genes at a post-transcriptional level. There is now evidence that microRNAs may affect insulin secretion or insulin action, as they can alter pancreatic beta cells development, insulin production, as well as insulin signalling. Any molecular disorder that a...
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design - November 1, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Paschou SA, Siasos G, Katsiki N, Tentolouris N, Tousoulis D Tags: Curr Pharm Des Source Type: research

Insulin-treated versus noninsulin-treated diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.
CONCLUSION: In patients with AF, DM increases the risk of ischemic stroke, regardless of treatment. PMID: 33130017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Vascular Pharmacology - October 28, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jensen T, Olesen KKW, Caterina, Würtz M, Kristensen SD, Maeng M Tags: Vascul Pharmacol Source Type: research

Glucagon-like peptide-1 cleavage product GLP-1(9-36) reduces neuroinflammation from stroke via the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in astrocytes.
Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous gut hormone and a key regulator in maintaining glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion. Its natural cleavage product GLP-1 (9-36), which was formerly considered a "bio-inactive" metabolite mainly due to its low affinity for GLP-1 receptor, possesses unique properties such as cardiovascular protection. Little is known about the effects and mechanisms of GLP-1 (9-36) in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Here, we report that systemic application of GLP-1 (9-36) in adult mice facilitated functional recovery and reduced infarct volume, astro...
Source: European Journal of Pharmacology - September 15, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Huang J, Liu Y, Cheng L, Li J, Zhang T, Zhao G, Zhang H Tags: Eur J Pharmacol Source Type: research

Neuroprotective Cationic Arginine-Rich Peptides (CARPs): An Assessment of Their Clinical Safety
AbstractCationic arginine-rich peptides represent a novel class of peptides being developed as neuroprotective agents for stroke and other acute and chronic neurological disorders. As a group, cationic arginine-rich peptides have a diverse range of other biological properties including the ability to traverse cell membranes, modulate immune responses, antagonise ion channel receptor function, as well as possessing cardioprotective, anti-nociceptive, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties. A sound understanding of their safety profile is essential for the design of future clinical trials and for ensuring translational su...
Source: Drug Safety - June 30, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Phytocannabinoids promote viability and functional adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through different molecular targets.
In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic effect of some of the most abundant non-euphoric compounds derived from the Cannabis sativa plant (or phytocannabinoids) including tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), by analysing their pharmacological activity on the viability of endogenous BM-MSCs as well as their ability to alter BM-MSC proliferation and differentiation into mature adipocytes. We provide evidence that CBD, CBDA, CBGA and THCV (5 µM) increase the number of viable BM-MSCs; whereas only CBG (5 µM) and CBD (5 µM...
Source: Biochemical Pharmacology - February 12, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Fellous T, Di Maio F, Kalkann H, Carannante B, Boccella S, Petrosino S, Maione S, Di Marzo V, Arturo Iannotti F Tags: Biochem Pharmacol Source Type: research

Dulaglutide: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes
AbstractSubcutaneous dulaglutide (Trulicity®) is a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that is approved in numerous countries as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the clinical trial and real-world settings, once-weekly subcutaneous dulaglutide, as monotherapy or add-on therapy to other antihyperglycaemic agents (including oral antihyperglycaemic drugs and insulin), was an effective and generally well tolerated treatment in adults with inadequately controlled T2D, including in high-risk patients [e.g. obese and elderly patients, those with stage 3 or...
Source: Drugs - January 29, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Use of a bioengineered antioxidant in mouse models of metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions: PEG-HCC can improve some parameters of disease in these models and this may be due to a resulting increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity. However, additional studies are needed to elucidate how PEG-HCCs are producing these effects. PMID: 31937152 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs - January 17, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Tags: Expert Opin Investig Drugs Source Type: research

Metabolic-vascular coupling in skeletal muscle: a potential role for capillary pericytes?
Abstract The matching of capillary blood flow to metabolic rate of the cells within organs and tissues is a critical microvascular function which ensures appropriate delivery of hormones and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. This relationship is particularly important in tissues where local metabolism, and hence capillary blood flow, must be regulated to avoid a mismatch between nutrient demand and supply that would compromise normal function. The consequences of a mismatch in microvascular blood flow and metabolism are acutely apparent in the brain and heart, where a sudden cessation of blood flow, fo...
Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology - November 6, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Attrill E, Ramsay C, Ross R, Richards S, Sutherland BA, Keske MA, Eringa E, Premilovac D Tags: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Source Type: research

Recent avenues in Novel Patient-Friendly Techniques for the Treatment of Diabetes.
CONCLUSION: Despite numerous advantages, various commercialized approaches like Afrezza (inhalation insulin) face failure in recent years. Such results call for more potential work to develop a promising system. The novel approaches range from the delivery of non-insulin blood glucose lowering agents to insulin-based therapy with minimal invasion are highly desirable. PMID: 31692441 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current Drug Delivery - November 4, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Dubey SK, Alexander A, Pradhyut KS, Agrawal M, Jain R, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Saraf S, Saraf S Tags: Curr Drug Deliv Source Type: research

Ginsenoside F1 promotes angiogenesis by activating the IGF-1/IGF1R pathway
Publication date: Available online 29 April 2019Source: Pharmacological ResearchAuthor(s): Jiayan Zhang, Mingqun Liu, Maohua Huang, Minfeng Chen, Dong Zhang, Liangping Luo, Geni Ye, Lijuan Deng, Yinghui Peng, Xin Wu, Guanping Liu, Wencai Ye, Dongmei ZhangAbstractIschemic stroke is one of the most lethal and highly disabling diseases that seriously affects the human health and quality of life. A therapeutic angiogenic strategy has been proposed to alleviate ischemia-induced injury by promoting angiogenesis and improving cerebrovascular function in the ischemic regions. The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin-like g...
Source: Pharmacological Research - April 29, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Shengui Sansheng San Ameliorates Cerebral Energy Deficiency via Citrate Cycle After Ischemic Stroke
Conclusion In summary, SSS extraction significantly ameliorates cerebral energy metabolism via boosting citrate cycle, which mainly embodies the enhancements of blood glucose concentration, glucose and lactate transportation and glucose utilization, as well as the regulations of relative enzymes activities in citrate cycle. These ameliorations ultimately resulted in numerous ATP yield after stroke, which improved neurological function and infarcted volume. Collectively, it suggests that SSS extraction has exerted advantageous effect in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Ethics Statement All animal operations were accor...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 22, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Geniposide Alleviates Glucocorticoid-Induced Inhibition of Osteogenic Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells by ERK Pathway
Conclusion In summary, we demonstrated that geniposide alleviated GC-induced osteogenic suppression in MC3T3-E1 cells. The effects of geniposide were at least partially associated with activating ERK signaling pathway via GLP-1 receptor. Geniposide might be a potential therapeutic agent for protection against GC-induced osteoporosis. Author Contributions BX, DX, CZ, and LW participated in research design. BX, JW, YL, XW, and ZZ conducted the experiments. BX, DX, and LW contributed new reagents or analytic tools and wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript. BX, JW, CZ, and DX performed the data analysis. Fu...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 17, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Apelin-13 Suppresses Neuroinflammation Against Cognitive Deficit in a Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer ’s Disease Through Activation of BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway
Conclusion The data in this manuscript demonstrates that apelin-13 upregulates BDNF against STZ-induced congnitive impairment by suppressing glial cell activity and inflammatory factors release. This suggests apelin signaling may be a new target in the treatment of AD. Ethics Statement All experimental protocols were carried out according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals approved by the Central South University at XiangYa Animal Care and Use Committee. Author Contributions XqQ and LH conceived the study and contributed to its experimental design. HqL carried out the...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 15, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Canagliflozin Inhibits Human Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Tube Formation
In conclusion, the present study identified canagliflozin as a potent inhibitor of human EC proliferation. The anti-proliferative action of canagliflozin is observed in ECs isolated from both the venous and arterial circulation, and is partly due to the blockade of cyclin A expression. In addition, this study found that canagliflozin inhibits tube formation in cultured ECs and mouse aortic rings. Notably, these actions are specific for canagliflozin and not seen with other SGLT2 inhibitors. The ability of canagliflozin to exert these pleiotropic effects on EC function may contribute to both the adverse and salutary actions...
Source: Frontiers in Pharmacology - April 15, 2019 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

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