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Cephalopod learning and memory
Curr Biol. 2023 Oct 23;33(20):R1091-R1095. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.013.ABSTRACTCephalopod molluscs are renowned for their unique central nervous system - a donut-shaped brain organised around the oesophagus. This brain supports sophisticated learning and memory abilities. Between the 1950s and 1980s, these cognitive abilities were extensively studied in octopus (Figure 1A) - a now leading model for the study of memory and its neural substrates (approximately 200 papers during this period). The focus on octopus learning and memory was mainly due to their curious nature and the fact that they adapt to laboratory-controlle...
Source: Current Biology - October 24, 2023 Category: Biology Authors: Christelle Jozet-Alves Alexandra K Schnell Nicola S Clayton Source Type: research

Management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) haemorrhage is a common emergency presentation requiring prompt resuscitation and management. Non-variceal bleeding, from peptic ulcer disease, is the most common aetiology. Bleeding related to varices, in the context of chronic liver disease, is less common but has higher associated mortality. Regardless of aetiology, initial management requires a structured approach with intravenous fluid resuscitation and a restrictive transfusion threshold of 70 –80 g/L. Pre-endoscopic scoring tools enable risk stratification and identification of patients who might benefit from conservative and outpatien...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - October 20, 2023 Category: Surgery Authors: Thomas Arkle, Leo Alexandre, Bhaskar Kumar, Nicholas Penney Tags: Oesophagus and stomach Source Type: research

Gastric neoplasms
include lesions ranging from benign polyps to invasive adenocarcinoma causing gastric outlet obstruction. The most common are gastric adenocarcinoma, followed by lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and other rarer neoplasms. Gastric cancer is one of the commonest cancers worldwide. Symptoms of early gastric cancer are non-specific and most patients present with established disease. Consequently, 5-year survival for gastric cancer remains poor. Diagnosis is typically made with endoscopic assessment and biopsy, with completion of staging by EUS, CT, CT-PET and staging laparoscopy. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - October 20, 2023 Category: Surgery Authors: Nikhil M. Patel, Pranav H. Patel, Sacheen Kumar Tags: Oesophagus and stomach Source Type: research

Pathology of the oesophagus and stomach: precursors of malignancy
Incidence rates of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and proximal gastric adenocarcinoma (PGA) have risen in tandem in recent decades. Patients are often diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor prognoses despite aggressive treatment. Cancer screening programs aim to detect early-stage cancer or precancerous conditions, such as dysplasia, in asymptomatic individuals to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality rates. Precursor lesions can potentially transform into malignancy; however, accurate diagnosis is challenging. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - October 18, 2023 Category: Surgery Authors: James A. Cotton, Klaudia M. Nowak, Stefano Serra, Runjan Chetty Tags: Basic science Source Type: research

Oesophageal cancer 2023
Despite advances in medical treatment, oesophageal cancer remains a lethal condition with a 5-year survival of around 15%. Broadly, there are two main subtypes of oesophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and adenocarcinoma (OAC). OSCC usually affects the middle third of the oesophagus and is associated with smoking, alcohol and low socio-economic status. OAC affects the lower third of the oesophagus and is associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The UK has the highest incidence of OAC in the world and it is rising. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - October 18, 2023 Category: Surgery Authors: Robert C. Walker, James A. Gossage Tags: Oesophagus and stomach Source Type: research

Refining Critical Structure Contouring in STereotactic Arrhythmia Radioablation (STAR): Benchmark Results and Consensus Guidelines from the STOPSTORM.eu Consortium
CONCLUSION: This STOPSTORM multi-centre critical structure contouring benchmark study showed high agreement for standard radiotherapy OAR. However, for cardiac substructures larger disagreement in contouring occurred, which may have significant impact on STAR treatment planning and dosimetry evaluation. To standardize OAR contouring, consensus guidelines for critical structure contouring in STAR were established.PMID:37827279 | DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109949 (Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology)
Source: Radiotherapy and Oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology - October 12, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Brian V Balgobind Jorrit Visser Melanie Grehn Marianne Marquard Knap Dirk de Ruysscher Mario Levis Pino Alcantara Judit Boda-Heggemann Marcus Both Salvatore Cozzi Jakub Cvek Edith M T Dieleman Olgun Elicin Niccol ò Giaj-Levra Rapha ël Jumeau David Krug Source Type: research

Comparison of drugs for active eosinophilic oesophagitis: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Conclusions Although this network meta-analysis supports the efficacy of most available drugs over placebo for EoE treatment, significant heterogeneity in eligibility criteria and outcome measures among available trials hampers the establishment of a solid therapeutic hierarchy. (Source: Gut)
Source: Gut - October 6, 2023 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Visaggi, P., Barberio, B., Del Corso, G., de Bortoli, N., Black, C. J., Ford, A. C., Savarino, E. Tags: Gut Oesophagus Source Type: research

Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness in youth and the incidence of site-specific cancer in men: a cohort study with register linkage
Conclusion We report a number of protective associations between higher CRF in healthy young men and the subsequent hazard of site-specific cancers. These results have implications for public health policymaking, strengthening the incentive to promote health through improving CRF in youth. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)
Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine - October 4, 2023 Category: Sports Medicine Authors: Onerup, A., Mehlig, K., Geijerstam, A. a., Ekblom-Bak, E., Kuhn, H. G., Lissner, L., Aberg, M., Börjesson, M. Tags: Open access, Press releases, BJSM Original research Source Type: research

Agreement of zero-heat-flux thermometry with the oesophageal and tympanic core temperature measurement in patient receiving major surgery
This study validated the precision and accuracy of a cutaneous zero-heat-flux thermometer and its performance in detecting intraoperative hypothermia. Adults undergoing major non-cardiac surgeries with general anaesthesia were enrolled in the study. Core temperatures were measured with a zero-heat-flux thermometer, infrared tympanic membrane thermometer, and oesophagal monitoring at 15-minute intervals. Taking the average value of temperature measured in the tympanic membrane and oesophagus as a reference, we assessed the agreement using the Bland-Altman analysis and linear regression methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and...
Source: Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing - October 4, 2023 Category: Information Technology Source Type: research

Benign surgical diseases of the gastro-oesophageal junction
Diseases of the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) are among the most frequent benign diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. They include gastro-oesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, and oesophageal achalasia. The first two disease entities are commonly concomitant diseases and they will be discussed together. They are often managed through changes in lifestyle and pharmacological agents ab initio with surgery utilized in appropriately counselled patients. The focus of this article is on the three aforementioned conditions describing presentation, investigations and management. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - October 3, 2023 Category: Surgery Authors: Noel E Donlon, Orla McCormack Tags: Oesophagus and stomach Source Type: research

Attenuating intrathoracic pressure swings decreases cardiac output at different intensities of exercise
J Physiol. 2023 Sep 29. doi: 10.1113/JP285101. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIntrathoracic pressure (ITP) swings that permit spontaneous ventilation have physiological implications for the heart. We sought to determine the effect of respiration on cardiac output ( Q ̇ $\dot Q$ ) during semi-supine cycle exercise using a proportional assist ventilator to minimize ITP changes and lower the work of breathing (Wb ). Twenty-four participants (12 females) completed three exercise trials at 30%, 60% and 80% peak power (Wmax ) with unloaded (using a proportional assist ventilator, PAV) and spontaneous breathing. Intrathoracic a...
Source: The Journal of Physiology - September 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Sarah A Angus Joshua L Taylor Leah M Mann Alexandra M Williams Eric J St öhr Jason S Au Andrew William Sheel Paolo B Dominelli Source Type: research