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Amphibian Behavior for the Exotic Pet Practitioner
Amphibians represent a diverse group of animals with highly varied behaviors depending on their anatomy, physiology, and ecological niche. Behavioral and welfare issues in amphibians are frequent in captive settings and warrant evaluation. Welfare criteria and clinical diagnostic assays when combined with a comprehension of the natural history of a species are useful tools to improve both the well-being of the individual animal and the population. Correction of environmental factors that affect behavior and, secondarily, survival and reproduction is important in captivity and for the conservation of wild populations. (Sour...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Shannon T. Ferrell Source Type: research

Fish Behavior for the Exotic Pet Practitioner
Interpreting fish behavior is an important component of providing veterinary care. There are over 28,000 species of fish and while only a handful are commonly encountered by exotic pet and public display veterinarians, there are still hundreds of species to consider. Three models —natural history (species typical modal action patterns), medical (disease state), and learning experience (classical and operant conditioning)—are useful for taking an actionable, holistic approach to interpreting behavior. Models help clinicians formulate appropriate differentials, ensuring th ey do not exclusively consider disease, particul...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Leigh Ann Clayton, Colin McDermott Source Type: research

Invertebrate Behavior for the Exotic Pet Practitioner
Invertebrate animals comprise more than 95% of the animal kingdom ’s species and approximately 40 separate phyla. Yet, invertebrates are an artificial taxon, in which all members simply possess a single negative trait: they lack a vertebral column (backbone). In fact, some invertebrates are more closely related to vertebrates than to their “fellow” invertebr ates. For the purpose of this veterinary article, we have elected to review a handful of important groups: Coelenterates, Gastropods, Cephalopods, Chelicerates, Crustaceans, Insects, and Echinoderms. We have primarily included behaviors that may have an impact on...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gregory A. Lewbart, Laurie Bergmann Source Type: research

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Guidelines to Abnormal Behavior in Captive Nonhuman Primates
Abnormal behavior in nonhuman primates is oftentimes prematurely blamed on certain conditions, in the case of captive non-human primates, readily so on their husbandry, largely ignoring the underlying pathophysiological processes in the brain. Each life history shapes an individual ’s predisposition to develop or resist the development of a psychopathological disorder, which manifests itself in abnormal behavior when triggered by certain situations or conditions. In order to sustainably address the symptoms of psychopathologies, therapeutic approaches must be based on a stru ctured, comprehensive diagnostic procedure, in...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Maya Kummrow Source Type: research

Behavior Medicine in Exotic Animal Practice
In starting my specialty training in behavior medicine, one of my main objectives was to help develop the field of exotic and wild animal behavior medicine. Therefore, I was elated when presented with this remarkable opportunity to bring together so many highly esteemed colleagues to assemble this issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice Behavior Medicine issue. Behavior can be defined as the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marion R. Desmarchelier Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Behavior
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marion R. Desmarchelier Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
J ӦRG MAYER, Dr med vet, MSc (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Marion R. Desmarchelier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Respiratory Medicine (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 12, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Gerontology of Psittacines
With recent improvements in the husbandry, nutrition, and veterinary care of captive psittacines, the avian clinician must be familiar with common medical condition seen in geriatric parrots. A review of the theory of evolution and avian senescence is provided. Five clinically relevant medical conditions are described: organ failure, atherosclerosis, neoplasia, cataracts, and osteoarthritis. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - September 1, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marjorie Bercier Source Type: research

Geriatric Freshwater and Marine Fish
As pain management finally becomes accepted for this last of the vertebrate taxa, fish medicine is finally reaching the sophistication of other vertebrates. The diseases of aging fish in captivity therefore need to be addressed. The degenerative organ/tissue changes and neoplasias of fish deserve the same diagnosis and treatments of their terrestrial counterparts including pain relief, anti-inflammatory medications, chemotherapy, surgery, joint supplements, regenerative cell therapy, and photobiomodulation. Besides the challenges of an aquatic environment, recognizing normal changes in older fish will be addressed in this ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - August 13, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Shane Boylan Source Type: research

Care of the Geriatric Raptor
This article seeks to cover some of these conditions and look at welfare considerations in the management of geriatric raptors, including quality-of-life assessments and euthanasia decision making. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - August 13, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: John Chitty Source Type: research

Geriatric Care of Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, and Chinchillas
Specialized veterinary care needed for geriatric rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas is described along with medical conditions common in this age group. Clinical signs of pain, safe analgesics, therapeutics, and alternative modalities are outlined along with guidelines for end-of-life care and decision-making. A handout containing advice for small mammal herbivore clients with geriatric pets is included. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - August 13, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Teresa Bradley Bays Source Type: research

Pathology of Diseases of Geriatric Exotic Mammals
The review covers select disease conditions most frequently described in aging rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs), rabbits, and ferrets. The conditions are categorized by general organ systems, infectious diseases, and neoplasms. Two data systems, the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Comparative Pathology Laboratory at the University of California, Davis and Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Citrus Heights, California were used in the determining disease conditions to describe. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - August 13, 2020 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Drury R. Reavill, Denise M. Imai Source Type: research