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Cardiovascular Diseases in Pet Birds
Cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure, pericardial disease, and atherosclerosis, is becoming increasingly better recognized in companion birds. A wide range of medications is available to treat these conditions, including diuretics, vasodilators, positive and negative inotropes, antiarrhythmic agents, and pentoxifylline. This review systematically discusses each of these drug classes and their potential applications in avian species. Although treatment approaches remain largely empirical and extrapolated from small animal and human medicine, the management strategies presented here have the potential t...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Brenna Colleen Fitzgerald Source Type: research

Cardiology in Rabbits and Rodents –Common Cardiac Diseases, Therapeutic Options, and Limitations
Information about heart diseases and their treatment is still sparce for rabbits and rodents. Dilated cardiomyopathy seems to occur more frequently in rabbits, whereas in guinea pigs pericardial effusion is often diagnosed. There are still no available therapeutic studies for heart diseases in rabbits and rodents, and treatment is often extrapolated from dogs and cats. Consideration should be given to the off-label use of drugs, mostly not licensed in the species mentioned in this article. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kerstin M üller, Elisabetta Mancinelli Source Type: research

Ferret Cardiology
Cardiac disease is relatively common in middle-aged to older ferrets and may comprise acquired or congenital disorders leading to problems with conduction, contractility, or outflow. Clinical signs are often seen in advanced stages of the disease, with lethargy, hind limb weakness, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, and respiratory distress owing to pleural effusion or lung edema being prominent features. Diagnostic workup and therapeutic intervention largely follow guidelines such as those established for dogs and cats, with feline doses often serving as a starting point for therapy. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Yvonne R.A. van Zeeland, Nico J. Schoemaker Source Type: research

A Spectral Computed Tomography Contrast Study
As part of the cardiovascular examination, all birds underwent clinical and echocardiographic examinations. Radiographs and blood samples were taken. Each bird was premedicated with midazolam and medetomidin and anesthetized with inhalation anesthesia using isoflurane. We performed computed tomographic angiography (CTA) after intravenous injection of 1 to 2  mL contrast agent per kg followed by a 1 mL saline solution flush. We were been able to identify the arteries that previous studies revealed to be most likely affected by atherosclerotic lesions: the aorta, both pulmonary arteries, and both brachiocephalic trunks. CT...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Rachel Franziska Hein, Ingmar Kiefer, Michael Pees Source Type: research

Histopathological Findings in the Cardiovascular System of Psittacidae in Routine Diagnostics
Samples of 363 Psittacidae were included in this study with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. These were identified in 28.9% of the animals, with pericarditis and/or epicarditis and myocarditis representing approximately half of all lesions and bacteria being the most common infectious cause. Cardiac lymphoma was only seen in 5 birds, whereas degenerative vascular lesions were diagnosed in 26.7% of the cases. Histopathology in the context of clinical findings and complementary examination results is the most useful tool for the evaluation of cardiac diseases. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kathrin J äger, Argiñe Cerezo-Echevarria, Andres Pohl, Jens Straub, Dominik Fischer, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach Source Type: research

Cardiology in Rodents, Rabbits, and Small Exotic Mammals —Diagnostic Workup
The incidence of cardiac diseases in pet rabbits and rodents increased over the past decade as these species live longer and diagnostics methods are more precise to diagnose heart diseases even in small-sized animals. The article summarizes diagnostics of cardiac diseases in selected exotic companion mammals, particularly in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and rats. The emphasis of the paper is given on clinical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Vladimir Jekl, Carlos F. Agudelo, Karel Hauptman Source Type: research

Cardiology in Exotic Pets: Challenges and Evolution
About 13 years have passed since the last issue on “Cardiology in Exotic Animals” was published in Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, and I had the opportunity and pleasure to join the team of authors and contribute to this emerging scientific field. Since then, a lot has happened in the world of exotic veterinary medic ine, with new studies, new experiences, and of course, a huge step forward in the development of technical possibilities. I therefore feel honored to have the opportunity to introduce this new “Cardiology” issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael Pees Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Cardiology
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Michael Pees Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
J ӦRG MAYER, Dr med vet, MSc (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Michael Pees (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Exotic Animal Clinical Pathology (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - April 12, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Fish Sedation and Anesthesia
Veterinarians often need to sedate or anesthetize fish to perform physical examinations or other diagnostic procedures. Sedation may also be required to transport fish. Painful procedures require complete anesthesia with appropriate antinociceptive agents. Regulations and withdrawal times apply to food animal species in many countries. Specific protocols are therefore warranted in commercial fish versus ornamentals. Tonic immobility of elasmobranchs and electric anesthesia should never be used to perform painful procedures. Anesthetic monitoring in fish remains challenging. This review summarizes ornamental fish anesthesia...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 23, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Claire Vergneau-Grosset, Inga-Catalina Cruz Benedetti Source Type: research

Sedation and Anesthesia of Lizards
The field of lizard sedation, anesthesia, and locoregional anesthesia is advancing with new drug protocols being evaluated, and new locoregional techniques being developed and evaluated. Inducing and maintaining effective and safe chemical restraint in lizards can be challenging, particularly in systemically diseased individuals. Understanding the anatomic and physiologic adaptations of lizards, using reversible or partially reversible injectable protocols, and using locoregional anesthesia may increase the quality of chemical restraint, facilitate faster recoveries, and limit anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. (S...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 23, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Tatiana H. Ferreira, Christoph Mans Source Type: research

Snake Sedation and Anesthesia
Snakes can be more challenging to anesthetize compared with other animals because of anatomic and physiologic differences, a wide range of patient sizes, and variable responses to anesthetic agents. Snakes have preferred optimal temperature zones, which, along with physiologic characteristics, such as the ability to shunt blood toward or away from the lungs, can have an impact on anesthesia. Injectable agents, including benzodiazepines, α2-agonists, opioids, propofol, and alfaxalone, as well as inhalant anesthetics can be used to anesthetize snakes. Pain management must be incorporated to the anesthetic plan when performi...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 23, 2021 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Daniel Almeida, Martin Kennedy, Erin Wend-Hornickle Source Type: research