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Nutritive Support for Critical Exotic Patients
Malnutrition and need for nutritive support are both very common in exotic animals requiring critical care. Assessment and monitoring of body condition, weight, protein absorption, and catabolic loss is recommended to help guide restorative therapy. Several critical care diets are available based on digestive strategy. Fluid requirements and evaporative water loss can vary based on taxa; ectoderms suffer evaporative losses at a greater magnitude than endotherms. Enteral and parenteral nutrition strategies can be appropriate for patients, with natural history and anatomic and physiologic differences considered as much as po...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: La ’Toya V. Latney Source Type: research

Cerebro-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Postarrest Care in Exotic Animal Critical Care
Evidence-based recommendations for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in domestic species provide a foundation for application to nondomestic species. The exotic and zoo practitioner must consider human safety, species anatomy, physiology, and special techniques for performing CPR. Having the hospital and team prepared and trained for a CPR response can improve outcomes. Basic life support includes various techniques for chest compressions and ventilation support. Advanced life support includes means of intravascular and intraosseous access, rescue drug administration, and consideration of the patient presentin...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Natalie H. Hall Source Type: research

Critical Care
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: EXOTIC ANIMAL PRACTICE (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lily Parkinson Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contributors
J ӦRG MAYER, Dr med vet, Msc (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Contents
Lily Parkinson (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Exotic Animal Nutrition (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - July 28, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Neurologic Assessment and Critical Care of Exotic Animals
Many disorders of other body systems have been well characterized in exotic species; however, data regarding neurologic conditions is limited. Across some of these species, correlates between feline and canine neurology can be made, but variations in the nervous system anatomy make evaluation more challenging. With accurate neurolocalization a focused list of differential diagnoses can be created. Performing the neurologic examination should be methodical for all patients, and the order and extent of examination may depend upon the patient ’s clinical condition and cooperation. Applications of objective scale measures (s...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 27, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Juliet F. Armstrong Source Type: research

Providing the Best Emergency and Critical Care for Exotic Patients
Thank you for your interest in this emergency and critical care -focused Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. I hope you and your sickest patients benefit from the excellent information compiled here. Our unique patients are extremely prone to hiding any signs of illness until they truly are a dire emergency; at that point, they require the most advanced diagnostics and intensive care. Exotic animal veterinarians have little to no margin for error when confronted with a critical patient, and, often, even with the most aggressive supportive care, exotic patients may fail to survive. (Source: Veterina...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 26, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lily Parkinson Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Temperature Monitoring and Thermal Support in Exotic Animal Critical Care
Body temperature measurement is one of the most important parameters to assess the health of a patient. In small exotic mammals, rectal temperature is obtained via a similar process as in dogs or cats, with a few specific differences. In reptiles and birds, measurement of body temperature can provide important information, albeit its accuracy may be limited. In most animals, temperature should be taken at the beginning of the examination to not artificially elevate the temperature during the physical exam. Heat support is typically indicated any time a patient ’s temperature is below the accepted core temperature range a...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 20, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Marina Liles, Nicola Di Girolamo Source Type: research

Point of Care Ultrasound in Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care
Exotic pets are presented to veterinary clinics with increasing frequency for routine, urgent, and emergency needs. With these increased visits, owners ’ expectations for high-quality veterinary care are also increasing. Many presenting complaints of reptiles, birds, and small mammals can benefit from the use of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) to establish a minimum database, aid in triage, and help guide further diagnostics, treatment, and prog nostic discussions with the owner. Hospitalized exotic patients can also have their progress tracked and better assessed with the aid of POCUS. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of No...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 20, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sara Gardhouse Source Type: research

Sedation and Anesthesia in Exotic Animal Critical Care
This article serves to review some of the more recent literature of sedation and anesthesia within exotics practice, bringing to light some nuances and considerations for when those patients are critically ill or injured. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 20, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: H. Nicole Trenholme Source Type: research

Coagulation Disorders, Testing, and Treatment in Exotic Animal Critical Care
This article outlines current knowledge of hemostasis, common diagnostic tests and reviews reported diseases associated with coagulopathy in small mammals, bird and reptiles. A range of conditions affect platelets and thrombocytes, endothelium and blood vessels, and plasma clotting factors. Improved recognition and monitoring of hemostatic disorders will enable targeted therapy and improved case outcomes. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 13, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kathryn L. Perrin Source Type: research

Fluid Therapy in Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care
Many new concepts are emerging in the understanding of fluid therapy in human and mammalian medicine, including the role of the glycocalyx, increased understanding of fluid, sodium, and chloride overload, and the advantages of colloid administration in the form of albumin. None of these concepts, however, appear to be directly applicable to non-mammalian exotic patients, and careful consideration of their alternate physiology is required when formulating fluid plans for these patients. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 11, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lily Parkinson Source Type: research

Urine Output Monitoring and Acute Kidney Injury in Mammalian Exotic Animal Critical Care
This article will discuss AKI, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for exotic companion mammals. The following article will discuss the same in non-mammalian patients. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - June 9, 2023 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Stacey Leonatti Wilkinson Source Type: research