Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 
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Empirical evidence has demonstrated that fish experience pain, and so to ensure their good welfare, it is vital that we can recognize and assess pain. A range of general, behavioral, and physiologic indicators can be used when assessing pain in fish. Many of these can be used at the tank side and are termed operational welfare indicators, whereas some require further computer or laboratory analysis. Behavioral indicators are valid and have been shown to profoundly differ between nonpainful and painful treatments in fish. However, these are not universal, and species-specific differences exist in behavioral responses to pai...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lynne U. Sneddon, Jonathan A.C. Roques Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Fish
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of clinical analgesic use in fish. Recently, the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of several analgesic drugs for use in fish have been investigated, and the most important data indicates that μ-opioid agonist drugs (e.g, morphine) are consistently effective as analgesics across fish species. In addition, bath application of some analgesic drugs may be useful, which affords multiple methods for delivering analgesics to fish. Although few published studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammato ry drugs administered to fish show promise, we have much to learn about the a...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kurt K. Sladky Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Reptiles
This chapter provides an overview of our current understanding of clinical analgesic use in reptiles. Currently, μ-opioid agonist drugs are the standard of care for analgesia in reptiles. Reptile pain is no longer considered a necessary part of recovery to keep the reptile from becoming active too early. Rather, treating pain allows for the reptile to begin normalizing their behavior. This recognition of pain and analgesia certainly benefits our reptile patients and greatly improves reptile welfare, but it also benefits our students and house officers, who will carry the torch and continue to demand excellence in reptile ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kurt K. Sladky Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Rats, Mice, and Prairie Dogs
Recent myomorph and scuiromorph rodent analgesia studies are reviewed and evaluated for potential clinical application. Differences between laboratory animal studies and clinical use in diseased animals are discussed. Analgesia classes reviewed include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen, opioids, and adjuvants such as anticonvulsants. Routes of administration including sustained-release mechanisms are discussed, as are reversal agents. Drug interactions are reviewed in the context of beneficial multimodal analgesia as well as potential adverse effects. Dosage recommendations for clinical pat...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Rhonda Oates, Danielle K. Tarbert Source Type: research
Hystricomorph Rodent Analgesia
Limited information on the analgesic efficacy and safety of even clinically commonly used analgesic drugs in guinea pigs and chinchillas is available. Buprenorphine and meloxicam are currently the most common analgesics routinely used to treat painful conditions in guinea pigs and chinchillas. Hydromorphone has also shown to be an effective analgesic drug in these species, with limited adverse effects. Tramadol in chinchillas does not provide analgesia even at high doses, and no information is available on the efficacy of this drug in guinea pigs. Multimodal analgesic protocols should be considered whenever possible. (Sour...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Miranda J. Sadar, Christoph Mans Source Type: research
Pain Recognition in Rabbits
Rabbits typically undergo at least one painful procedure during their lifetime and appropriate methods of assessment are essential to reduce or alleviate pain. Various methods of assessing pain in rabbits have been investigated, with the validity of spontaneous behavior and grimace scale scoring being the most studied to date. Assessment of pain is challenging, compounded by rabbits being a prey species that display freezing behavior in the presence of unfamiliar caregivers. Here we discuss some key changes in rabbits that can be used in the assessment of pain and provide some practical suggestions to ensure that the asses...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Amy L. Miller, Matthew C. Leach Source Type: research
Acupuncture in Zoological Companion Animals
Over the past years, the concept of pain management in veterinary medicine has evolved and led to the establishment of a new concept of multimodal approach to pain management, as the current standard of care. The use of multimodal analgesia combining pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic techniques not only helps optimize the quality and efficacy of analgesia but also may prevent the development of chronic or persistent pain. During the past decade, acupuncture has become more popular and evolved into one of the most used forms of integrative medicine interventions and nonpharmacologic therapeutic options for pain management ...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ronald B. Koh, Tara M. Harrison Source Type: research
Physical Rehabilitation in Zoological Companion Animals
Animal physical rehabilitation is one of the fast-growing fields in veterinary medicine in recent years. It has become increasingly common in small animal practice and will continue to emerge as an essential aspect of veterinary medicine that plays a vital role in the care of animals with physical impairments or disabilities from surgery, injuries, or diseases.1 This is true now more than ever because of the increasing advances in lifesaving treatments, the increased lifespan of companion animals, and the growth of chronic conditions, of which many are associated with movement disorders. The American Association of Rehabil...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ronald B. Koh, Jessica Rychel, Lindsey Fry Source Type: research
Pain Recognition in Rodents
This article provides an introduction to pain assessment scale valida tion, reviews current methods of pain assessment, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for assessing pain in a clinical environment. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Vanessa L. Oliver, Daniel S.J. Pang Source Type: research
Pain Recognition in Ferrets
Recognition and accurate assessment of the severity of pain can be challenging in ferrets as they are unable to verbally communicate, and often hide their pain. Pain assessment relies on the assessment of behavioral, physiologic, and other clinical parameters that serve as indirect indicators of pain. Assessment of physiologic and clinical parameters requires handling, which results in changes in these parameters. Behavioral parameters can be assessed less invasively by observing the patient. Due to their nonspecificity, correct interpretation may be challenging. Just as in other species, a grimace scale seems to be the mo...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Yvonne van Zeeland, Nico Schoemaker Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Ferrets
This article reviews the current published literature on analgesic medications in domestic ferrets, including specific drugs, doses, dosing intervals, and routes of administration. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Olivia A. Petritz, Ricardo de Matos Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Rabbits
Rabbits occupy facets of veterinary medicine spanning from companion mammals, wildlife medicine, zoologic species, and research models. Therefore, analgesia is required for a variety of conditions in rabbits and is a critical component of patient care. Considerations when selecting an analgesic protocol in rabbits include timing of administration, route of administration, degree or anticipated pain, ability to access or use controlled drugs, systemic health, and any potential side effects. This review focuses on pharmacologic and locoregional management of pain in rabbits and emphasizes the need for further studies on pain...
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sarah Ozawa, Alessia Cenani, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman LV Source Type: research
Pain Recognition and Assessment in Birds
This article provides a clinical review on the physiology of pain in birds, observed behavioral and physiologic alterations with pain, how different sources and degrees of pain can alter behaviors observed, and how this information can be applied in a clinical setting. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Nicole A. Mikoni, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Joanne Paul-Murphy Source Type: research
Treatment of Pain in Birds
This article provides an overview of the current understanding of evidence-based clinical analgesic use in birds. The field of avian analgesia has dramatically expanded during the last 20 years, affording more options for alleviating both acute and chronic pain. These options include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, and/or other drugs like gabapentin, amantadine, and cannabinoids, acting at different points in the nociceptive system thereby helping to provide greater pain relief while reducing the risk of adverse effects when combined. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: David Sanchez- Migallon Guzman, Michelle G. Hawkins Source Type: research
Pain Recognition in Reptiles
Advances in reptile cognitive research would help to (1) better qualify behavioral responses to pain experiences, (2) monitor welfare impacts, and (3) model analgesic studies with ecologically relevant insight to better qualify interventional responses. The focus of future analgesic studies in reptiles require the continued elucidation of the opiate systems and the given variations across taxa in efficacy in nociceptive tests. (Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice)
Source: Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice - November 17, 2022 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: V. Latney La ’Toya Source Type: research
