Extracellular vesicles through the blood –brain barrier: a review
AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood –Brain barrier (BBB) in a bidirectional manner between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma remains poorly understood. Most in vitro models that have evaluated this event have relied on monolayer transwell or microfluidic organ-on-a-chip techniques that do not account for the combined effect of al l cellular layers that constitute the BBB at different sites of the Central Nervous System. There has not been direct transcytosis visualization through ...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 25, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Ventricular volume in relation to lumbar CSF levels of amyloid- β 1–42, tau and phosphorylated tau in iNPH, is there a dilution effect?
ConclusionsThe findings did not support a major dilution effect in iNPH, at least not in females. The only result in favor for dilution was a weak negative correlation between VV and A β42 but not with the other lumbar CSF biomarkers. The different results between males and females suggest that future investigations of the CSF pattern in iNPH would gain from sex-based subgroup analysis. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 17, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Glioblastoma disrupts the ependymal wall and extracellular matrix structures of the subventricular zone
ConclusionsOur data is the first to show that LV-proximal GBMs physically disrupt the ependymal cell barrier in animal models, resulting in disruptions in ependymal cell biology and increased CSF interaction with the tumor bulk. These findings point to ependymal cell health and CSF-contained molecules as potential axes for therapeutic targeting in the treatment of GBM. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 11, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator attenuates blood –brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury by inhibiting vesicular transcytosis
ConclusionIn addition to transiently suppressing lymphocytes, CYM-5442 alleviated the neurological deficits, cerebral edema and protective BBB permeability in TBI mice by reducing the vesicle transcytosis of cerebrovascular endothelial cells. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 11, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Proteomics-based investigation of cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by the FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method
ConclusionsThe combination of LMD-based isolation of vessels from FFPE sections, PCT-assisted sample processing and SWATH analysis (FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method) revealed for the first time the changes in the expression of many proteins that are involved in fibrosis, ROS production and cell death in ADNC +/CAA + (CAA patients) vessels. The findings reported herein would be useful for developing a better understanding of the pathology of CAA and for promoting the discovery and development of drugs and biomarkers for CAA. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 1, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of CSF to blood clearance: prospective tracer study of 161 patients under work-up for CSF disorders
ConclusionsThe present observations of considerable variation in cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance between individuals in general and across neurological diseases, may suggest that defining cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance can become a useful diagnostic adjunct for work-up of cerebrospinal fluid disorders. We also suggest that it may become useful for assessing clearance capacity of endogenous brain metabolites from cerebrospinal fluid, as well as measuring individual cerebrospinal fluid to blood clearance of intrathecal drugs. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - July 1, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in an isogenic juvenile iPSC model of Huntington ’s disease
AbstractHuntington ’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG) repeats in the huntingtin gene, which leads to neuronal loss and decline in cognitive and motor function. Increasing evidence suggests that blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction ma y contribute to progression of the disease. Studies in animal models,in vitro models, and post-mortem tissue find that disease progression is associated with increased microvascular density, altered cerebral blood flow, and loss of paracellular and transcellular barrier function. Here, we report on changes in...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 30, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Acetazolamide modulates intracranial pressure directly by its action on the cerebrospinal fluid secretion apparatus
ConclusionsAZE lowers ICP directly via its ability to reduce the choroid plexus CSF secretion, irrespective of mode of drug administration. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 29, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Cerebrospinal fluid osmolality cannot predict development or surgical outcome of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
ConclusionsThe osmolality of lumbar CSF is a reliable reflection of the ventricular CSF osmolality, and is not elevated in iNPH patients. iNPH therefore does not appear to arise as a function of osmotic imbalances in the CSF system and CSF osmolality cannot serve as a biomarker for iNPH or as a predictive tool for shunt responsiveness. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 27, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Gait apraxia evaluation in normal pressure hydrocephalus using inertial sensors. Clinical correlates, ventriculoperitoneal shunt outcomes, and tap-test predictive capacity
ConclusionsThese results confirm that wearable inertial sensors may represent a valid tool to complement clinical evaluation for iNPH assessment and prognosis. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 23, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The impact of genetic manipulation of laminin and integrins at the blood –brain barrier
AbstractBlood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) are unique in having high electrical resistance and low permeability, which creates a selective barrier protecting sensitive neural cells within the CNS from potentially harmful components in the blood. The molecular basis of this blood –brain barrier (BBB) is found at the level of endothelial adherens and tight junction protein complexes, extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the vascular basement membrane (BM), and the influence of adjacent pericytes and astrocyte endfeet. Current evidence supports the concept that instructi ve cues from the BBB ECM are not o...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 11, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Regulation of brain iron uptake by apo- and holo-transferrin is dependent on sex and delivery protein
ConclusionsThese findings extend our previous work to demonstrate that the regulation of brain iron uptake is influenced by both the mode in which iron is delivered and sex. These findings further emphasize the role of the microvasculature in regulating brain iron uptake and the importance of cues regarding iron status in the extracellular fluid. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 10, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Advances in brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2021: great progress in a time of adversity
AbstractThis editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2021. It covers research on components of the blood –brain barrier, neurovascular unit and brain fluid systems; how brain barriers and brain fluid systems are impacted by neurological disorders and their role in disease progression; and advances in strategies for treating such disorders. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 9, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Vascular network expansion, integrity of blood –brain interfaces, and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentration during postnatal development in the normal and jaundiced rat
ConclusionThe data highlight developmental specificities of the blood –brain barrier organization and of CSF cytokine content. They also indicate that a direct effect of bilirubin on the vascular system organization, brain barriers morphological integrity, and inflammatory response of the choroid plexus-CSF system is not involved in the alteration of brain functions induced by severe neonatal jaundice. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 7, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Potential role of astrocyte angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the neural transmission of COVID-19 and a neuroinflammatory state induced by smoking and vaping
ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates a spatial- and cell type-specific expression of ACE2 in the brain, which might help to understand the acute and lasting post-infection neuropsychological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Our data highlights a potential role of astrocyte ACE2 in the neural transmission and pathogenesis of COVID -19. This also suggests a pre-conditioned neuroinflammatory and immunocompromised scenario might attribute to exacerbated COVID-19 severity in the smokers. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - June 7, 2022 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
