Occludin: a gatekeeper of brain Infection by HIV-1
AbstractCompromised structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the pathological hallmarks of brain infection by HIV-1. BBB damage during HIV-1 infection has been associated with modified expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin. Recent evidence indicated occludin as a redox-sensitive, multifunctional protein that can act as both an NADH oxidase and influence cellular metabolism through AMPK kinase. One of the newly identified functions of occludin is its involvement in regulating HIV-1 infection. Studies suggest that occludin expression levels and the rate of HIV-1 infection sha...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - October 16, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Levels of inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, CCL4, and PD-L1 in CSF differentiate idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from neurodegenerative diseases
ConclusionsThe inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 and CCL4 are present at higher —and PD-L1 at lower—levels in iNPH than in the other investigated diagnoses. These three selected cytokines may have diagnostic potential in the work-up of patients with iNPH. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - October 13, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
In vitro investigation of the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on mouse choroid plexus membrane transporters Ncbe and NKCC1
This study suggests that the inflammatory pathway involved in hypersecretion primarily is mediated by activation of basolateral receptors in the choroid plexus, mainly facilitated by IL-6. This study highlights the complexity of the pathophysiological circumstances occurring during intraventricular hemorrhage. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - October 12, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Proteasome inhibition protects blood –brain barrier P-glycoprotein and lowers Aβ brain levels in an Alzheimer’s disease model
ConclusionsOur data indicate that BTZ protects P-gp from proteasomal degradation in hAPP mice, which helps to reduce A β brain levels. Our data suggest that the proteasome system could be exploited for a novel therapeutic strategy in AD, particularly since increasing Aβ transport across the blood–brain barrier may prove an effective treatment for patients. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - October 6, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Transient intracranial pressure elevations (B waves) are associated with sleep apnea
ConclusionThe findings suggest that sleep apnea causes a significant proportion of transient ICP elevations, such as B-waves, and sleep apnea should be considered in ICP evaluation. Treatment of sleep apnea with CPAP can reduce the occurrence of transient ICP elevations. More research is needed on the impact of slow oscillating mechanisms on transient ICP elevations during high ICP and REM sleep. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - October 2, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy
AbstractDegenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the aging population. Significant neurological deficits may result from a delayed diagnosis as well as inadequate neurological recovery following surgical decompression. Here, we review the pathophysiology of DCM with an emphasis on how blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a critical yet neglected pathological feature affecting prognosis. In patients suffering from DCM, compromise of the BSCB is evidenced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum protein ratios and abnormal contrast-enhancement upon magne...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - September 25, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
BBB opening by low pulsed electric fields, depicted by delayed-contrast MRI, enables efficient delivery of therapeutic doxorubicin doses into mice brains
ConclusionsOur results demonstrate significant BBBo levels induced by extra-cranial L-PEFs, enabling efficient delivery of therapeutic Doxo doses into the brain and reducing tumor growth. As BBBo was undetectable by standard contrast-enhanced MRI, DCM was applied to generate maps depicting the BBBo levels throughout the brain. These findings suggest that BDF is a promising technology for efficient drug delivery into the brain with important implications for future treatment of brain cancer and additional CNS diseases. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - September 22, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Proteomic alterations in the brain and blood –brain barrier during brain Aβ accumulation in an APP knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
ConclusionsOur results suggest that changes in the brain occurred after advanced A β accumulation, whereas initial Aβ accumulation was sufficient to cause alterations in the BBB. These findings may help elucidate the role of BBB alterations in AD progression and predict the distribution of drugs across the BBB in the brain of patients with AD. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - September 14, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Cerebral arterial flow dynamics during systole and diastole phases in young and older healthy adults
ConclusionOur study provides a novel contribution on the influence of the cardiac cycle phases on cerebral arterial flow. The main contribution in this study concerns the identification of age-related alterations in cerebral blood flow, which occur mainly during the diastolic phase. Specifically, we observed that mean flow significantly decreases with age during diastole, whereas mean flow during systole is consistent. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - September 13, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Enhanced in vivo blood brain barrier transcytosis of macromolecular cargo using an engineered pH-sensitive mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody
ConclusionThe pH-sensitive mouse transferrin receptor binding nanobody M1R56H, P96H, Y102H may be a useful tool for rapid and efficient modular transport of diagnostic and therapeutic macromolecular cargos across the blood brain barrier in mouse models. Additional development will be required to determine whether this nanobody-based shuttle system will be useful for imaging and fast-acting therapeutic applications. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 24, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A scoping review of the discrepancies in the measurement of cerebral blood flow in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: oligemia, euvolemia or hyperemia?
ConclusionsThis review suggests each of the variables investigated are responsible for the divergent CBF findings in IIH. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 23, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Inhibition of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 ameliorates hydrocephalus in preclinical models
ConclusionThese data provide a strong preclinical basis for the use of SGK1 inhibitors in the treatment of hydrocephalus. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 18, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Human brain solute transport quantified by glymphatic MRI-informed biophysics during sleep and sleep deprivation
AbstractWhether you are reading, running or sleeping, your brain and its fluid environment continuously interacts to distribute nutrients and clear metabolic waste. Yet, the precise mechanisms for solute transport within the human brain have remained hard to quantify using imaging techniques alone. From multi-modal human brain MRI data sets in sleeping and sleep-deprived subjects, we identify and quantify CSF tracer transport parameters using forward and inverse subject-specific computational modelling. Our findings support the notion that extracellular diffusion alone is not sufficient as a brain-wide tracer transport mec...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 18, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Relationship between brain iron dynamics and blood-brain barrier function during childhood: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study
ConclusionsThe combined quantitative MRI study of QSM and DP-pCASL for pediatric brains demonstrated the relationship between brain iron dynamics and BBB function during childhood.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry identifier: UMIN000039047, registered January 6, 2020. (Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS)
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 17, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Characterization of choroid plexus in the preterm rabbit pup following subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-1/IGFBP-3
AbstractInsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for normal brain development and regulates essential processes of vascular maturation and stabilization. Importantly, preterm birth is associated with reduced serum levels of IGF-1 as compared toin utero levels. Using a preterm rabbit pup model, we investigated the uptake of systemic recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 in complex with its main binding protein IGF-binding protein 3 (BP-3) to the brain parenchyma via the choroid plexus. Five hours after subcutaneous administration, labeled rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 displayed a widespread presence in the choroid plexus of the lateral...
Source: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS - August 15, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
