4D-CT for Detection of Parathyroid Adenomas and Hyperplasia: State of the Art Imaging
AbstractPurpose of Review Radiologic localization of parathyroid lesions is essential for the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. In recent years, multiphase parathyroid 4D-CT has evolved from an adjunct imaging technique to a first-line choice for planning parathyroidectomy at some institutions. Here, we review the background, technique, and interpretation of parathyroid 4D-CT.Recent FindingsCompared with the traditional modalities of scintigraphy and ultrasound, CT provides superior sensitivity for localizing parathyroid lesions, and is particularly valuable in the setting of planning remedial surgery and ...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 29, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Imaging the Male Breast
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this article, we review the clinical and imaging features of a variety of benign and malignant processes of the male breast, with focus on more common entities and those with specific imaging characteristics that may improve diagnostic accuracy.Recent FindingsWe emphasize utilization of appropriate imaging modalities according to the age-based protocols provided by the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria in the evaluation of the symptomatic male breast (Mainiero et al., J Am Coll Radiol 12:678 –682, 2015).SummaryBased on review of the current literature, we discuss the risk ...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 26, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Continued Relevance of Videofluoroscopy in the Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
This article describes the technique and interpretation of swallowing videofluoroscopy.Recent FindingsAs the evaluation of swallowing is a dynamic study with important, discrete events occurring rapidly, the fluoroscopic acquisition rate must be continuous or no less than 30 pulses per second. If the acquisition rate is less, important clinical information will be missed. Other swallowing evaluation techniques such as endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and manometry are available. While each offers some advantages, their limitations preclude them from being the best evaluation tool for oropharyngeal swallowing.SummaryT...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 26, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Pulsatile Tinnitus: Differential Diagnosis and Radiological Work-Up
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIdentification of the underlying cause of pulsatile tinnitus is important for treatment decision making and for prognosis estimation. For this, an adequate diagnostic imaging strategy is crucial.Recent FindingsBoth CT and MRI can be useful, and in general, these modalities provide complementary diagnostic information. The scanning protocol can be optimized based on the estimated a priori chance for finding specific pathology, or the need to rule out more rare but clinical significant disease. In recent years, dynamic CTA, also referred to as 4D-CTA, has become available as a new technique that enab...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 23, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Low Back Pain Imaging Management in the Elderly Population
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aim of this review is to report and discuss recent literature about low back pain (LBP) aethiology and appropriateness of imaging modalities in the elderly.Recent FindingsImaging in LBP is usually inappropriate because pain is non-specific, resolving spontaneously within 4 weeks. Imaging target is to detect the 5% of cases in which serious pathologies underly patient symptoms. For this reason, several guidelines report red flags as signal alarms to screen for these conditions in patient with low back pain. Main indications for radiographs, CT, MRI, and Nuclear Medic ine investigations are rep...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 23, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
State of the Art Diffusion Weighted Imaging in the Breast: Recommended Protocol
AbstractPurposeReview of breast diffusion MRI and recommend a protocol on how to perform breast diffusion MRI.Recent findingsBreast diffusion MRI may help improve specificity and predict an early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.SummaryBreast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American women. Mammography is the only screening modality shown to decrease breast cancer related mortality. However, false positives, false negatives, and dense breast limit mammographic evaluation. Dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI (DCE-MR) is the most sensitive imaging modality to evaluate for breast cancer, although speci...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 15, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Imaging After Hip Joint Replacement Surgery in the Elderly Population
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the hip after joint replacement and to illustrate imaging modalities and findings in the evaluation of hip arthroplasty and related complications, introducing recent diagnostic approaches.Recent FindingsRadiography is still central and fundamental in the postoperative evaluation and follow-up. All imaging techniques play a role in the diagnosis and characterization of complications, with CT and MRI providing the most relevant recent progresses, especially focused on artifact reduction.SummaryHip arthroplasty is a common orthopedic procedure in elde...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 15, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
The Role of Joint Viscosupplementation in Geriatric Population
AbstractPurpose of ReviewViscosupplementation (VS) is the intra-articular administration of hyaluronic acid (HA) to treat joint osteoarthritis (OA), with the aim of lubricating intra-articular space and promote viscoinduction. In this article we reviewed the latest scientific evidence on VS for the treatment of symptomatic OA.Recent FindingsDespite the use of HA intra-articular injections for treating OA is growing, some controversial aspects about its efficacy and cost-effectiveness remain. Apart for knee, medical evidence is still sparse for most of the joint. These contradictory results from meta-analysis led several in...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - January 11, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
PET –CT with (68 Ga)Gallium-Labeled PSMA Ligand for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Clinical Applications and Protocols
AbstractThe detection of lesions in the context of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer is a major challenge for all imaging modalities. Recently, the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is recognized as a novel target for the PET –CT (positron emission tomography–computed tomography) imaging of prostate cancer with the tracer68Ga-PSMA (68Gallium-labelled PSMA), mainly in the detection of relapses and metastasis. PSMA PET –CT imaging shows high tracer uptake at the sites of primary tumor and lymph node, and bone metastasis in direct correlation with aggressiveness and Gleason scores. PSMA PET–CT seems to...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - October 27, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Imaging Measurable (Minimal) Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe availability of effective anti-myeloma therapies has led to the concept of new response categories that define responses deeper than conventionally defined complete response (CR). In cases of CR, deepest response, defined as minimal residual disease (MRD)-negative status, has been independently associated with prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival. In spite of an unmeasurable MRD, most patients eventually relapse. Because current methodology using flow cytometry or gene sequencing focuses on sampling MRD primarily from bone marrow, the low-level disease that may be present at...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - October 20, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Entrapment Neuropathies of the Upper Extremity Nerves
This article reviews recent updates in the imaging for diagnosis and characterization of upper extremity nerve entrapments (UENE). We examine in detail the use of ultrasound and MRI, including state-of-the-art techniques such as dynamic nerve motion assessment, tissue elasticity measurement, and MR neurography.Recent FindingsUltrasound and MRI are the two advanced modalities most frequently used to assess UENE. MRI remains technically challenging, though techniques of MR neurography have steadily improved. Ultrasound is operator-dependent, but has dynamic and realtime imaging capabilities and no contraindications. New comp...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - October 19, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Emerging Clinical Applications of 4D Flow MR in the Heart and Aorta
AbstractPurpose of ReviewReview the current literature, focusing on potential clinical applications of time-resolved 3-dimensional phase contrast imaging (4D flow) in the thorax.Recent FindingsMagnetic resonance imaging has become an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of the heart and great vessels, complimenting echocardiography in routine clinical practice. Advances in 4D flow now allow for comprehensive modeling of blood flow in the thorax in a single ECG-gated and respiratory-gated volumetric acquisition. 4D Flow modeling of preferential flow through shunts, eccentric jets related to valvular disease, helical ...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - October 11, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Hybrid PET/MR: Updated Clinical Use and Potential Applications
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSimultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance was released few years ago and there is a (non-official) perspective of almost 100 scanners worldwide being installed until 2016. Despite the enormous marketing success for such an expensive and fine hybrid imaging tool, PET/MR is still seen primarily as a research tool. Currently this clinical validation process is more than necessary to justify the additional expenses in a world with increasing difficulties regarding health system reimbursement.Recent FindingsThe current PET/MR feasibility has been demonstrated with the published data s...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - October 6, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Ultrasonography: The Global Imaging Solution
AbstractPurpose of reviewUltrasonography is an innocuous, safe, and noninvasive method and is considered a far less-expensive imaging test compared to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, as US is one of the most frequent imaging tests performed, it is important to regularly verify the quality of accumulated evidence for each clinical indication concerning the expanded array of indications and the clinical impact. Thus, the aim of this review is to present the 2015 –2016 added evidences of consolidated clinical usefulness of US, trends in newly clinical indications, technical innovations, and the gro...
Source: Current Radiology Reports - September 20, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
Radiologist Incomes: A Global Perspective
Discussion of related subjects of radiologist work is also made. (Source: Current Radiology Reports)
Source: Current Radiology Reports - September 14, 2016 Category: Radiology Source Type: research
