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Ask the Experts: An International Consensus on Managing Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction Including COVID-19
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarise the current understanding of post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) and provide a consensus on management of the condition through an evidence-based approach, critically reviewing the available management options.Recent FindingsNew studies investigating the pathophysiology of PIOD in COVID-19 patients have found that in those with persistent symptoms there is an association with lower tissue perfusion in the orbital and medial regions of the frontal lobe. Recent meta-analyses have listed olfactory training as the first line management for PIOD.SummaryOlfactory training remains th...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - October 19, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery in Children
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPediatric endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) is a field of practice that has seen significant advancement and widespread adoption from its initial description less than two decades ago. This manuscript aims to review the development of the technique with particular attention to how our knowledge of the field has increased within the past 5  years.Recent FindingsThe understanding of the anatomic nuances in the pediatric endonasal corridor has grown, especially regarding the impact of sphenoid pneumatization on outcomes and the intercarotid distance at the sella. In addition, more robust data on o...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - October 14, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Managing Post-traumatic Olfactory Disorders
This study aims to summarize and critically review recent literature on management of post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD) with emphasis on the diagnostic procedure and treatment options.Recent FindingsMagnetic resonance imaging and olfactory testing are the basis of the diagnostic procedure. Time of diagnosis is critical as the most improvement occurs within the first year after trauma. Olfactory training and oral steroids seem to be a relatively evidence-based therapeutic option but with non-optimal results. Surgery has a limited place in the management of PTOD. Promising future options could be the development of...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - October 12, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

How to Manage Taste Disorders
This study aims to summarize the current state of the art of how taste disorders are clinically best managed.Recent FindingsTaste disorders are distressing for the concerned patients since eating and drinking become bothersome or impossible. Apart from nutritional problems, quality of life is impaired. Still, diagnosis and treatment of taste disorders are elusive, and general knowledge about taste and its affection is little within the population and the medical community. This review stresses the importance of accurate workup and diagnosis of taste disorders in order to offer an effective treatment. Yet unclear aspects of...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - September 21, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

The Augmented Cochlear Implant: a Convergence of Drugs and Cochlear Implantation for the Treatment of Hearing Loss
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCochlear implantation gives us a unique opportunity to expand the pharmacological treatment of hearing loss. Delivery of pharmacological agents, cells, and gene therapy vectors to the inner ear are challenging due to anatomic and physiologic factors. Since cochlear implantation opens the inner ear, there is an opportunity to deliver therapeutics along with the electrode. This review will cover advances in drug-device development for cochlear implantation and highlight cutting-edge applications of the augmented implant.Recent FindingsCurrently, clinical trials of dexamethasone-eluting cochlear impla...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - September 14, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Psychophysical Testing in Chemosensory Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo provide an overview of psychophysical testing in olfaction and gustation.Recent FindingsSubjective patient report correlates poorly with objective assessment of olfaction and gustation. It is therefore important that clinicians and researchers perform psychophysical testing during chemosensory assessment. There are several validated psychophysical tests of olfaction and gustation, with ongoing developments accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. These tests have been culturally and linguistically adapted globally. Screening tests have been developed with careful consideration to distinguish normos...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - September 13, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Gene Therapy for Congenital Hearing Loss
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review provides the otolaryngology community with background on the basics of gene therapy for congenital hearing loss along with potential frontiers in this field.Recent FindingsIn the last several years, there has been a tremendous increase in the amount of basic science research in gene therapy models for sensorineural hearing loss. Most work has been limited to murine models, but the transition to nonhuman primates has also occurred. There are still concerns with identifying the proper viral capsids, developing the most effective delivery approach, and timing the injection in humans to ade...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - September 5, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Advances and Challenges in Treatment De-Intensification of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewManagement paradigms for oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) have been rapidly evolving due to the recognition that cancers associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) have a favorable prognosis. This is especially the case with radiation therapy as a principal curative modality, as it is associated with a number of significant treatment complications due to the anatomic density of the head and neck and the importance of the oropharyngeal organs in swallow function. This has consequently raised major questions as to whether management can be fundamentally de-intensified in terms of dose and volume, an...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - September 1, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Endoscopic Ear Surgery: Past and Future
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSummarizing the main steps that have led the endoscope to become one of the established tools in otological and neurotological surgery and evaluating the possible future applications of this device.Recent FindingsMany are the features of the endoscope that are being improved. First the quality of the images, thanks to the introduction of 4K technology and the earliest 3D endoscopes, then the employment of robotic surgery with endoscope holders that ideally combine the endoscopic benefits with a two-handed technique.SummaryNowadays the endoscope is both used as the sole instrument and as an adjunct ...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 16, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Point-of-Care Ultrasound of the Head and Neck in Children
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo critically review applications of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for children with neck, airway, voice, and salivary gland disorders.Recent FindingsPOCUS in the lateral neck can aid in the diagnosis of lateral neck abscesses. Laryngeal ultrasound can identify vocal fold immobility by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections can treat drooling and associated sequelae. Increasingly various training curricula and modules have been developed for POCUS of the head and neck in children.SummaryPOCUS in the head and neck can be used to characterize neck masse...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 12, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Early Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Hearing Preservation in Vestibular Schwannoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo examine and summarize the existing literature surrounding early stereotactic radiosurgery for hearing preservation in the treatment of vestibular schwannoma.Recent FindingsThere is no universally accepted definition of “early” stereotactic radiosurgery or “hearing preservation” within the vestibular schwannoma literature. Most recent studies originate from the University of Pittsburgh, where upfront stereotactic radiosurgery is routinely pursued in patients of all tumor sizes and hearing capabilities. The preliminary data suggests that short-term hearing preservation may be improved when...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 11, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Lessons Learnt from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pediatric Otolaryngology
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe current COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the international paediatric otolaryngology community: we review its impact in clinical, resource, and human settings.Recent FindingsThe SARS-CoV-2 virus, while generally mild in paediatric populations, has caused an increased incidence in severe croup, invasive fungal sinus disease, and multi system inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). The incidence of other common otolaryngology presentations such as otitis media and tonsillitis has decreased due to quarantine measures. The pandemic has also changed the way in which we work: guidelines for aerosol-generating...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 9, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Advances in Surgical Therapy for HPV-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review recent surgical advances in the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), specifically focusing on treatment strategies, patient outcomes, and surgical technologies.Recent FindingsTransoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become the surgical technique of choice when treating HPV-OPSCC. Patient-reported outcomes and functional outcomes are increasingly becoming drivers of treatment selection given the excellent prognosis of low-risk HPV-OPSCC. Decreased doses of adjuvant radiation therapy for select patients have been shown to be oncologicall...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 9, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

Facial Rejuvenation in Patients of Color
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to illustrate different factors and considerations in providing facial rejuvenation procedures to non-Caucasian patients. As providers, we must understand how the aging process differs for patients of color and anticipate its effects on various interventions.Recent FindingsElements of beauty and ideal facial measurements may differ from classically described archetypes based on a patient ’s ethnic and cultural background. Non-Caucasian patients tend to benefit from treatments that target skin resurfacing and volume loss. The use of widely available techniques such as...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 6, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research

The Impact of Cochlear Implant Experience on Music Perception: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this paper is to analyze previously published literature to evaluate whether there is a relationship between music perception in cochlear implant users and duration of cochlear implant experience.Recent FindingsThere has been little research thus far on this topic. One prospective study done among Korean cochlear implant users has demonstrated passive improvement in timbre and pitch discrimination with time. It is known that speech perception does improve with time, which may point to a similar relationship in music perception as well.SummaryBased on the available data, there is no sign...
Source: Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports - August 4, 2022 Category: ENT & OMF Source Type: research