Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: Implications from Large-Scale Studies
AbstractPurpose of ReviewType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial, heritable syndrome characterized by dysregulated glucose homeostasis that results from impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Genetic association studies have successfully identified hundreds of T2D risk loci implicating many genes in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent T2D genetic studies from the past 3 years with particular focus on the effects of sample size and ancestral diversity on genetic discovery as well as discuss recent work on the use and limitations of genetic risk scores (GRS) for T2D risk...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 19, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Integrated Behavioral Interventions for Adults with Comorbid Obesity and Depression: a Systematic Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials on the effects of integrated behavioral interventions for comorbid obesity and depression in adults.Recent FindingsSeven trials (n = 33 to 409) were included. The quality of evidence was mixed. In 2 trials, integrated interventions led to greater improvements in both obesity and depression over 12 months, compared with usual care. Of 4 trials comparing integrated interventions with a standalone obesity intervention, 2 sho wed incremental effects on depression only, and 2 did not detect a significant effect for either outcome. One 3-arm t...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 18, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
It Is Not Just Fat: Dissecting the Heterogeneity of Adipose Tissue Function
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of the current review is to summarize findings from the most recent and impactful studies which investigated human and mouse adipose tissue transcriptomes at a single-cell level. We provide perspective about the potential importance of data derived from these single-cell technologies in improving our understanding of the adipose organ and metabolic disease and likely future directions of this approach.Recent FindingsThe majority of single-cell or single-nuclei studies of the adipose organ so far have focused on investigating the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of mouse subcutaneous and ...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Applying Behavioral Economics Theories to Interventions for Persons with Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo introduce behavioral economics (BE), provide a description of how recent prevention and treatment interventions in persons with diabetes have incorporated BE in their intervention strategies, and discuss how BE could be used to inform new treatments for the clinical setting or research.Recent FindingsIn most of the trials described, researchers incorporated BE into their design in the form of incentives, which can align with present bias, optimism bias, and loss aversion. With only two exceptions, these trials reported preliminary support for using incentives to promote lifestyle modifications a...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic illness characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that occurs when there is cellular resistance to insulin action, pancreatic β-cells do not produce sufficient insulin, or both. Diabetes prevalence has greatly increased in recent decades; consequently, it is considered one of the fastest-growing public health emergencies globally. Poor blood glucose control can result in long-term micro- and macrovascular complications su ch as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with diabetes require continuous medical care, in...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
It Is Not Just Fat: Dissecting the Heterogeneity of Adipose Tissue Function
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of the current review is to summarize findings from the most recent and impactful studies which investigated human and mouse adipose tissue transcriptomes at a single-cell level. We provide perspective about the potential importance of data derived from these single-cell technologies in improving our understanding of the adipose organ and metabolic disease and likely future directions of this approach.Recent FindingsThe majority of single-cell or single-nuclei studies of the adipose organ so far have focused on investigating the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of mouse subcutaneous and ...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Applying Behavioral Economics Theories to Interventions for Persons with Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo introduce behavioral economics (BE), provide a description of how recent prevention and treatment interventions in persons with diabetes have incorporated BE in their intervention strategies, and discuss how BE could be used to inform new treatments for the clinical setting or research.Recent FindingsIn most of the trials described, researchers incorporated BE into their design in the form of incentives, which can align with present bias, optimism bias, and loss aversion. With only two exceptions, these trials reported preliminary support for using incentives to promote lifestyle modifications a...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic illness characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that occurs when there is cellular resistance to insulin action, pancreatic β-cells do not produce sufficient insulin, or both. Diabetes prevalence has greatly increased in recent decades; consequently, it is considered one of the fastest-growing public health emergencies globally. Poor blood glucose control can result in long-term micro- and macrovascular complications su ch as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with diabetes require continuous medical care, in...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 10, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Hemodynamic Response to Hyperinsulinemia —Implications for Obesity and Insulin Resistance
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHerein, we summarize recent advances which provide new insights into the role of the autonomic nervous system in the control of blood flow and blood pressure during hyperinsulinemia. We also highlight remaining gaps in knowledge as it pertains to the translation of findings to relevant human chronic conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.Recent FindingsOur findings in insulin-sensitive adults show that increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity with hyperinsulinemia do not result in greater sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in the peripheral circulation. Bot...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 5, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Social Determinants of Health, Race, and Diabetes Population Health Improvement: Black/African Americans as a Population Exemplar
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarize evidence of impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on diabetes risk, morbidity, and mortality and to illustrate this impact in a population context.Recent FindingsKey findings from the American Diabetes Association ’s scientific review of five SDOH domains (socioeconomic status, neighborhood and physical environment, food environment, health care, social context) are highlighted. Population-based data on Black/African American adults illustrate persisting diabetes disparities and inequities in the SDOH condi tions in which this population is born, grows, lives, and ages, with...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - March 3, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
Policy Implications of Structural Violence and Syndemic Dynamics: A Lens for Addressing Latinx Immigrant Diabetes Health Disparities
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to explore using theoretical frameworks of structural violence and syndemics to understand Latinx health disparities with a focus on type 2 diabetes (T2D). We propose that combining these frameworks is a valuable approach for revealing complex root-cause dynamics and explaining the nuances of how and why health disparities exist. We discuss the importance of the relationship between T2D, fear, and stigma.Recent FindingsImmigration policy creates structural conditions that invite unauthorized immigration while simultaneously excluding undocumented immigrants from access...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - February 25, 2022 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research
