Patient-Centered Diabetes Care of Cancer Patients
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThere is a bidirectional relationship between cancer and diabetes, with one condition influencing the prognosis of the other. Multiple cancer therapies cause diabetes including well-established medications such as glucocorticoids and novel cancer therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors.Recent FindingsThe nature and severity of diabetes caused by each therapy differ, with some predominantly mediated by insulin resistance, such as PI3K inhibitors and glucocorticoids, while others by insulin deficiency, such as CPIs. Studies have demonstrat...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Autoimmune Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Hallmarks So Far and Yet So Close to Explain Diabetes Endotypes
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetes mellitus can be categorized into two major variants, type 1 and type 2. A number of traits such as clinical phenotype, age at disease onset, genetic background, and underlying pathogenesis distinguish the two forms.Recent FindingsRecent evidence indicates that type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exhibits self-reactivity. These two previously unknown conditions can influence the progression and outcome of the disease. Unlike most conventional considerations, diabetes appears to consist of a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes that includes monogenic ...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes: an Emerging Concept in Diabetic Retinopathy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults, remains clinically defined and staged by its vascular manifestations. However, early retinal neurodegeneration may precede vascular pathology, suggesting that this neuronal damage may contribute to disease pathogenesis and represent an independent target for intervention. This review will discuss the evidence and implications for diabetic retinal neurodegeneration.Recent FindingsA growing body of literature has identified progressive retinal thinning and visual dysfunction in patients with diabetes even prior to the o...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Artificial Intelligence in Current Diabetes Management and Prediction
AbstractPurpose of ReviewArtificial intelligence (AI) can make advanced inferences based on a large amount of data. The mainstream technologies of the AI boom in 2021 are machine learning (ML) and deep learning, which have made significant progress due to the increase in computational resources accompanied by the dramatic improvement in computer performance. In this review, we introduce AI/ML-based medical devices and prediction models regarding diabetes.Recent FindingsIn the field of diabetes, several AI-/ML-based medical devices and regarding automatic retinal screening, clinical diagnosis support, and patient self-manag...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Adolescent Immigration and Type-2 Diabetes
AbstractPurpose of reviewType-2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents has become an increasingly important public health concern, currently accounting for nearly half of all diabetes cases in this age group in some countries. With immigration growing worldwide, immigrants as a subpopulation warrant special attention. Although the association of immigration and T2D has been explored in older persons, few studies have examined it in adolescent immigrants.Recent findingsOf 64 studies, only 8 were relevant and elaborated on in this review. Our findings show that adolescent immigrants to Western countries seem to benefit a...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Developing and Evaluating Behaviour Change Interventions for People with Younger-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Lessons and Recommendations from Existing Programmes
AbstractPeople with younger-onset type 2 diabetes (YOT2D, diagnosis before 40  years of age) are at higher risk of morbidity and premature mortality compared with their similar-age type 1 diabetes and later-onset type 2 diabetes peers. Despite recommendations for targeted, behavioural, and psychosocial approaches to optimising health outcomes, there are few such intervention s for this group. Furthermore, evaluations of health behaviour change interventions targeting this priority population have proven challenging to complete. Despite this, there is little guidance for future behavioural programme developers. The aims of...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Other Sleep Parameters and Diabetic Retinopathy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo summarise the association between obstructive sleep apnoea and diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. To examine the effects of other sleep parameters on diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema. To discuss the pathophysiology of diabetic eye changes and how it is related to obstructive sleep apnoea.Recent FindingsConflicting data exists in terms of the association of diabetic eye changes with sleep apnoea and/or other sleep parameters. Various cross-sectional studies show PDR to be associated with the prevalence of OSA. Patients who underwent continuous positive airway pressu...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Suicide Risk in Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: a Review of the Literature and Clinical Recommendations for Prevention
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe manuscript reviews the extant literature on suicide-related thoughts and behaviors among youth and young adults with pediatric diabetes. This evidence is presented within the context of current theories of the etiology of suicidal behavior to highlight how diabetes may contribute to suicide risk, and to support providers in understanding the interplay between pediatric diabetes and suicide risk. The manuscript also reviews evidence-based approaches to suicide prevention suitable for use in pediatric healthcare settings, with suggestions for their application to this unique population.Recent Fin...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Consumption of Non-nutritive Sweeteners and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: What Do We Know, and Not?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe article explores the relationship between non-nutritive sweetener consumption and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes through reviewing meta-analyses and systematic reviews, as well as clinical trials and observational studies.Recent FindingsThe data overall has yet to show a strong and clear link between consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, several observational studies have shown a positive relationship between these two variables, with a stronger association found among women. Regarding non-nutritive sweeteners that are currently commerc...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Pediatric Diabetic Retinopathy: Updates in Prevalence, Risk Factors, Screening, and Management
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a major cause of vision loss worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in youth, discuss risk factors, and review recent advances in diabetic retinopathy screening.Recent FindingsWhile DR has long been considered a microvascular complication, recent data suggests that retinal neurodegeneration may precede the vascular changes associated with DR. The prevalence of DR has decreased in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients following the results of the Diabetes Contr...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Regulating Polyamine Metabolism by miRNAs in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewInsulin is at the heart of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM alters cardiac metabolism causing cardiomyopathy, ultimately leading to heart failure. Polyamines, organic compounds synthesized by cardiomyocytes, have an insulin-like activity and effect on glucose metabolism, making them metabolites of interest in the DM heart. This review sheds light on the disrupted microRNA network in the DM heart in relation to developing novel therapeutics targeting polyamine biosynthesis to prevent/mitigate diabetic cardiomyopathy.Recent FindingsPolyamines prevent DM-induced upregulation of glucose and ketone body level...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Type 1 Diabetes, Sleep, and Hypoglycemia
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the relationship between sleep and hypoglycemia, sleep characteristics, and their associations with glycemic control in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The effects of sleep interventions and diabetes technology on sleep are summarized.Recent FindingsNocturnal hypoglycemia affects objective and subjective sleep quality and is related to behavioral, psychological, and physiological factors. Sleep disturbances are common, including inadequate sleep, impaired sleep efficiency, poor subjective satisfaction, irregular timing, increased daytime sleepiness, and sleep apnea. Some have a bidire...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 13, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Personal Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Efficacy and Economic Impacts
This article reviews recent clinical efficacy research and economic analysis of the use of personal continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in type 2 diabetes (T2D).Recent FindingsStudies from the past 5  years include a variety of randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and other studies which generally favor CGM over self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in T2D, especially among people with T2D treated with insulin. Concurrently, some studies show no significant difference, but there is no evidence of worse outcomes with CGM. CGM is frequently associated with greater reduction in HbA1c than is SMBG. HbA1c reductions ...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 9, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Stroke Patients: A Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss clinical trials involving glycemic control in hospitalized stroke patients and to review oral medications used in glycemic control. GLP-1 agonists, which have some preliminary studies in ischemic stroke, will also be reviewed.Recent FindingsUntil recently, glycemic control targets in hospitalized stroke patients remained unclear. The SHINE (Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort) trial demonstrated no significant difference between aggressive versus standard of care glycemic control in the acute ischemic stroke patient.SummaryAlthough SHINE demonstrated...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - December 1, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Indigenous Communities in the United States
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe present review focuses on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Indigenous communities in the continental United States (U.S.) —including disease prevention and management—and discusses special considerations in conducting research with Indigenous communities.Recent FindingsPrevious studies have reported the disparately high prevalence of diabetes, especially T2D, among Indigenous peoples in the U.S. The high prevalence and incidence of early-onset T2D in Indigenous youth relative to that of all youth in the U.S. population pose challenges to the prevention of complications of diabet...
Source: Current Diabetes Reports - November 22, 2021 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research