CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology RSS feedThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Congenital Infections of the Nervous System
This article provides an overview of congenital infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS), discussing the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, and preventive and treatment measures for a variety of pathogens with the potential to infect the developing fetal brain. RECENT FINDINGS Contrary to popular belief, many congenital CNS infections are preventable and treatable. Treatment options exist for congenital cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis, although the efficacy of these treatments and the populations that may benefit from...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurologic Infections in Patients on Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies
This article reviews these neuroinfectious conditions, as well as other neurologic complications unique to transplant recipients and other patients who are immunocompromised. RECENT FINDINGS Diagnosis of infectious pathogens in patients who are immunocompromised may be particularly challenging because a decreased immune response can lead to atypical imaging or laboratory findings. Next-generation sequencing and other novel diagnostic modalities may improve the rate of early identification of neurologic infections in patients who are immunocompromised and ultimately ameliorate outcomes in this vulnerable population. ...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurologic Manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
This article describes the spectrum of neurologic complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their underlying pathology and pathogenic mechanisms, gaps in knowledge, and current therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS COVID-19 is the clinical syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It can affect the entire neuraxis, and presentations in the acute phase are variable, although anosmia is a common manifestation. Encephalopathy is common in patients who are hospitalized and is often associated with multiorgan involvement. Immune-mediated encephaliti...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurologic Complications of Lyme Disease
This article reviews the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroborreliosis. RECENT FINDINGS The most recent guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease were published in 2020 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Neurology, and the American College of Rheumatology. SUMMARY The most common neurologic complications of Lyme disease are cranial neuritis (most often a unilateral or bilateral facial nerve palsy), meningitis, and radiculoneuritis/mononeuropathy multiplex. Testing for Lyme disease begins with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). If t...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurosyphilis
This article focuses on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of neurosyphilis, with an emphasis on clinically relevant issues faced by the practicing neurologist. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of primary and secondary syphilis, the sexually transmissible stages of infection, has been on the rise for the past 2 decades. A concerning recent trend is the surge in cases of syphilis in women and of congenital syphilis. Neurosyphilis remains a relatively common complication that can occur at any stage of syphilis. Along with meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, which has been historically de...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurologic Complications of Tuberculosis
This article describes the current epidemiology, common clinical characteristics, and up-to-date evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and management of the most common neurologic complications of tuberculosis (TB): tuberculous meningitis, intracranial tuberculoma, and spinal TB. RECENT FINDINGS Central nervous system (CNS) TB remains common and associated with significant mortality and neurologic sequelae worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is strongly associated with both the development of and mortality due to CNS TB. Strongyloides co-infection is associated with reduced CNS inflammati...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
This article reviews the neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. RECENT FINDINGS Neurologic complications of HIV may be caused by direct virally mediated pathology, immune-mediated phenomena in response to viral infection, or opportunistic infections secondary to depletion of lymphocytes. These neurologic disorders may be influenced by the degree of immunosuppression (ie, CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte count) and stage of infection (early versus late), as well as use of antiretroviral therapy, and may manifest as a variety of central and peripheral neurologic syndromes, includi...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System
This article reviews how parasites affect the human nervous system, with a focus on four parasitic infections of major public health importance worldwide, two caused by protozoa (malaria and toxoplasmosis) and two by helminths (neurocysticercosis and schistosomiasis). RECENT FINDINGS Parasitic infections in humans are common, and many can affect the central nervous system where they may survive unnoticed or may cause significant pathology that can even lead to the death of the host. Neuroparasitoses should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic lesions, particularly in individuals from endemic reg...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Infections of the Peripheral Nervous System
This article describes infections that affect the peripheral nervous system, including their clinical features, differential diagnoses, and treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Rates of pyomyositis have increased recently in the United States, possibly because of an increase in risk factors such as IV drug use, obesity, and diabetes. Other peripheral nervous system infections, such as diphtheria, have become more common in older patients secondary to a lack of revaccination or waning immunity. Although recommended treatment regimens for most infections remain unchanged over recent years, debate over the ideal dosing and rout...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Infections of the Spine and Spinal Cord
This article reviews the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of infections of the spine and spinal cord to help practicing clinicians recognize, evaluate, and manage patients with such infections. RECENT FINDINGS Aging of the population, increasing use of immunosuppressive medications, and other factors have contributed to increasing rates of spinal infections. Although the most common agents responsible for spinal infections remain bacteria and viruses, fungal infections occur in individuals who are immunocompromised, and parasitic infections are common in endemic region...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Encephalitis and Brain Abscess
This article reviews infections of the brain parenchyma and includes an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and management of infectious encephalitis and brain abscess. RECENT FINDINGS The epidemiology of infectious encephalitis and brain abscess has changed in recent years. Vaccination has reduced the incidence of certain viruses associated with encephalitis, while a decrease in fulminant otogenic infections has led to fewer brain abscesses associated with otitis media. However, changes in climate and human population density and distribution have enabled the emergence of newer pathogen...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Meningitis
This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of infectious meningitis, including updates on newer molecular diagnostic techniques for microbiological diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS New polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic techniques have improved the timeliness of microbiological diagnosis in meningitis, but clinicians must be aware of the limitations of such tests. Next-generation sequencing can now be applied to CSF, allowing for diagnosis of infections not identifiable by conventional means. SUMMARY Infectious meningitis can be caused by a broad range of organisms. The clinician must ...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Approach to Neurologic Infections
This article provides an overview of the clinical approach to the diagnosis of neurologic infections, focusing on the symptoms, signs, imaging features, and laboratory findings of the major categories of neuroinfectious diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The increased use of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy to treat autoimmune diseases has led to an increase in opportunistic neurologic infections. The description of numerous causes of autoimmune antibody–mediated encephalitis over the past decade has expanded the differential diagnosis of encephalitis beyond infection. The emergence of metagenomic next-genera...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

A Topic With Culture and Sensitivity
No abstract available (Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology)
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: EDITOR’S PREFACE Source Type: research

Contributors
No abstract available (Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology)
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - August 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: CONTRIBUTORS Source Type: research